An intraoperative infusion of DEX reduced cumulative morphine consumption and adverse effects after craniotomy.

Intellectualization is an important direction of drying development and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have been widely used to solve problems of nonlinear function approximation, pattern detection, data interpretation, optimization, simulation, diagnosis, control, data sorting, clustering, and noise reduction in different food drying technologies due to the advantages of self-learning ability, adaptive ability, strong fault tolerance and high degree robustness to map the nonlinear structures of arbitrarily complex and dynamic phenomena. This article presents a comprehensive review on intelligent drying technologies and their applications. The paper starts with the introduction of basic theoretical knowledge of ANN, fuzzy logic and expert system. Then, we summarize the AI application of modeling, predicting, and optimization of heat and mass transfer, thermodynamic performance parameters, and quality indicators as well as physiochemical properties of dried products in artificial biomimetic technology (electronic nose, computer vision) and different conventional drying technologies. Furthermore, opportunities and limitations of AI technique in drying are also outlined to provide more ideas for researchers in this area.

P enhanced Al resistance in the Al-resistant L. bicolor species but not in the Al-sensitive L. cuneata under relatively high Al stress, although P in L. cuneata might also possess an alleviative potential. Enhancement of Al resistance by P in the resistant species might be associated with its more efficient P accumulation and translocation to shoots and greater Al exclusion from root tips after P application, but not with an increased exudation of organic acids from roots.

The feasibility of using laser-induced plasma spectroscopy (LIPS) as a rapid and simple method to analyze fluorine, chlorine, and bromine in solid organic compounds was investigated. A Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm with pulse energy of 100 mJ was used to produce the plasma. This method presents many advantages for the determination of halogens in organic compounds, including very simple sample preparation and near-real-time analysis. Solid organic compounds were measured in air and helium atmospheres. Carbon in organic compounds was chosen as the internal standard for the measurement of F, Cl, and Br. Linear responses for these elements were obtained for both atmospheres. However, the sensitivity was much higher and the background noise was much lower in the helium atmosphere.

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Al stress and ammonium-nitrogen nutrition often coexist in acidic soils due to their low pH and weak nitrification ability. Rice is the most Al-resistant species among small grain cereal crops and prefers NH 4 + as its major inorganic nitrogen source. This study investigates the effects of NH 4 + and NO 3 − on Al toxicity and Al accumulation in rice, and thereby associates rice Al resistance with its NH 4 + preference. Two rice subspecies, indica cv. Yangdao6 and japonica cv. Wuyunjing7, were used in this study. After treatment with or without Al under conditions of varying NH 4 + and NO 3 − supply, rice seedlings were harvested for the determination of root elongation, callose content, biomass, Al concentration and medium pH. The results indicated that Wuyunjing7 was more Al-resistant and NH 4 + -preferring than Yangdao6. NH 4 + alleviated Al toxicity in two cultivars compared with NO 3 − . Both NH 4 + -Al supply and pretreatment with NH 4 + reduced Al accumulation in roots and root tips compared with NO 3 − . NH 4 + decreased but NO 3 − increased the medium pH, and root tips accumulated more Al with a pH increase from 3.5 to 5.5. Increasing the NO 3 − concentration enhanced Al accumulation in root tips but increasing the NH 4 + concentration had the opposite effect. These results show NH 4 + alleviates Al toxicity for rice and reduces Al accumulation in roots compared with NO 3 − , possibly through medium pH changes and ionic competitive effects. Making use of the protective effect of NH 4 + , in which the Al resistance increases, is advised for acidic soils, and the hypothesis that rice Al resistance is associated with the preferred utilization of NH 4 + is suggested.