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Seven isoprenylated flavonoids were isolated from Artocarpus styracifolius, including one new triisoprenylated flavone, styracifolin D (1), and six known ones, artocarpone B (2),kuwanon C (3), 6-C-prenyl luteolin (4), albanin A (5), 2,4,2′,4′-tetrahydroxy-3′-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-chalcone (6), and 3′-[γ-hydroxymethyl-(E)-γ-methylallyl]-2,4,2′,4′-tetrahydroxychalcone 11′-O-coumarate (7). The structures of these compounds were determined by analysis of their spectroscopic and mass spectrometric data. Of them, 3 and 5 exhibited inhibitory effects on cathepsin K with IC 50 values of 114.6 and 7.4 M, respectively.
Although most patients with acute viral myocarditis recover spontaneously, some patients progress to heart failure. Perturbations in innate immunity may partially explain the heterogeneity of clinical outcomes. As the most abundant immune cells in the heart, cardiac macrophages have heterogeneous origins, including embryonic‐derived resident macrophages (ResMϕs) and monocyte‐derived macrophages (MoMFs). However, the time course change and role of cardiac macrophage subsets has not been fully explored. In the present study, we found that BALB/c mice had prolonged MoMF accumulation and low proportions of ResMϕs that could not be restored to normal levels. MoMFs of BALB/c mice generally exhibit an M1‐dominant functional phenotype. Moreover, the preferential depletion of MoMF by a C‐C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) inhibitor resulted in improved acute myocarditis and chronic fibrosis, as well as the recovery of ResMϕs number and reduced CD4+ T cell expansion. Hence, immunomodulatory therapy that targets the balance among cardiac macrophages and modulates their function is expected to prevent the progression of cardiac injury to overt heart failure and improve adverse outcomes.
This study displayed that as an antagonist against post-PTCA LPO reaction, the herbal medicine SND is safe and effective, and able to improve the QOL of the patients.
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