This work presents an offshore pipeline scour monitoring sensor network system based on active thermometry. The system consists of thermal cables, data acquisition unit, and data processing unit. As the thermal cables emit heats, the distributed DS18B20 digital temperature sensors record temperature information over time. The scour-induced exposure and free spanning can be identified by analyzing the temperature curves. Pipeline exposure and free-spanning experiments were carried out in laboratory, whose results show that the system is able to give overall information about the development of pipeline scour. Difference values analysis reveals the changing patterns of heat transfer behavior for line heat source in sediment and water scenarios. Two features, magnitude and temporal instability, are extracted from temperature curves to better differentiate sediment and water scenarios. Based on these two features, K-means clustering algorithm is adopted for pattern classification of the system, which was implemented in MATLAB and facilitated the automatic detection of the scour monitoring sensor network system. The proposed sensor network has the advantages of low cost, high precision and construction flexiblility, providing a promising approach for offshore pipeline scour monitoring, especially suitable for nearshore environment.
This paper presents an exact penalization theory of the generalized Nash equilibrium problem (GNEP) that has its origin from the renowned Arrow–Debreu general economic equilibrium model. Whereas the latter model is the foundation of much of mathematical economics, the GNEP provides a mathematical model of multiagent noncooperative competition that has found many contemporary applications in diverse engineering domains. The most salient feature of the GNEP that distinguishes it from a standard noncooperative (Nash) game is that each player’s optimization problem contains constraints that couple all players’ decision variables. Extending results for stand-alone optimization problems, the penalization theory aims to convert the GNEP into a game of the standard kind without the coupled constraints, which is known to be more readily amenable to solution methods and analysis. Starting with an illustrative example to motivate the development, this paper focuses on two kinds of coupled constraints, shared (i.e., common) and finitely representable. Constraint residual functions and the associated error bound theory play an important role throughout the development.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.