The very large economic and social burdens of fracture-related complications make rapid fracture healing a major public health goal. The role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in treating osteoporosis is generally accepted, but the effect of PTH on fracture healing is controversial. This meta-analysis was designed to investigate the efficacy and safety of PTH in fracture healing. The EMBASE, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched from the inception dates to April 26, 2018. The primary randomized clinical trials comparing PTH treatment for fracture healing with placebo or no treatment were identified. We did not gain additional information by contacting the authors of the primary studies. Two reviewers independently extracted the data and evaluated study quality. This meta-analysis was executed to determine the odds ratio, mean difference, standardized mean difference, and 95% confidence intervals with random-effects models. In total, 8 randomized trials including 524 patients met the inclusion criteria. There were significant differences in fracture healing time, pain relief and function improvement. There were no significant differences in the fracture healing rate or adverse events, including light-headedness, hypercalcemia, nausea, sweating and headache, except for slight bruising at the injection site. We determined that the effectiveness and safety of PTH in fracture healing is reasonably well established and credible.

Although particle swarm optimisation (PSO) algorithm is an effective tool to solve the real‐number optimisation problem, it cannot be directly adopted to the discrete optimisation. Many discrete PSO versions focused on the different discrete strategies on particle position and speed update equation, but these attempts decreased the performance of the PSO on discrete problems (compared with other intelligent optimisation algorithms). In this study, binary inheritance learning PSO (BILPSO) is proposed and is used to solve thinned antenna array synthesis problems, such as the pattern synthesis of 100‐element symmetrical thinned linear array and 20 × 10 symmetrical thinned planar array. The optimisation results show the BILPSO is superior to other discrete PSO versions and other discrete intelligent optimisation algorithms.

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