Cadmium (Cd) pollution is a widespread environmental problem. In this study, we explored the transcriptome and biochemical responses of goldenrain tree (Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm.) leaves and roots to Cd stress. Leaf and root growth decreased substantially under Cd stress (50 mg/L CdCl2), but leaf and root antioxidant mechanisms were significantly activated. In RNA-seq analysis, roots treated with 25 mg/L CdCl2 featured enriched GO terms in cellular components related to intracellular ribonucleoprotein complex, ribonucleoprotein complex, and macromolecular complex. In leaves under Cd stress, most differentially expressed genes were enriched in the cellular component terms intrinsic component of membrane and membrane part. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis and analysis of module–trait relations revealed candidate genes associated with superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA). Ten transcription factors responded to Cd stress expression, including those in C2H2, MYB, WRKY, and bZIP families. Transcriptomic analysis of goldenrain tree revealed that Cd stress rapidly induced the intracellular ribonucleoprotein complex in the roots and the intrinsic component of membrane in the leaves. The results also indicate directions for further analyses of molecular mechanisms of Cd tolerance and accumulation in goldenrain tree.

Under the influence of climate-related extremes, the world is exposed to more and more catastrophe risks. Increasingly it is held that the government alone may not be able to adequately prevent disaster risks; a combination of public and private regulation is therefore warranted. Regulation via insurance may help to realize the goal of disaster risk reduction and to mitigate the corresponding losses. In this article we identify five regulatory toolsrisk-based pricing, contract design, loss prevention services, claim management, and refusal to insurethat can be used by catastrophe insurers with the aim of disaster risk reduction. Subsequently, we explore how these tools are used in practice by insurers in five countries: United Kingdom, United States, France, Japan, and Turkey. In doing so, we find that regulation through catastrophe insurance could have a positive effect on disaster risk reduction. However, the possibilities to regulate by insurance are in many countries de facto limited as a result of state intervention. Finally, we discuss the possibility and feasibility of regulation by catastrophe insurance in China, where it is not yet utilized.

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A theoretical investigation was performed to disclose the transformation mechanism of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine radical cation (8-oxoG * + ) to protonated 2-amino-5-hydroxy-7,9-dihydropurine-6,8-dione (5-OH-8-oxoG) in base pair. The energy profiles for three possible pathways of the events were mapped. It is shown that direct loss of H7 from base paired 8-oxoG * + is the only energetically favorable pathway to generate neutral radical, 8-oxoG(-H7) * . Further oxidation of 8-oxoG(-H7) * : C to 8-oxoG(-H7) + : C is exothermic. However, the 8-oxoG(-H7) + : C deprotonation from all possible active sites is infeasible, indicating the inaccessible second proton loss and the lack of essential intermediate 2-amino-7,9-dihydropurine-6,8-dione (8-oxoG OX ). This makes 8-oxoG(-H7) + act as the precursor of hydration leading to the generation of protonated 5-HO-8-oxoG by stepwise fashion in base pair, which would initiate the step down guanidinohydantoin (Gh) pathway. These results clearly specify the structure-dependent transformation for 8-oxoG * + and verify the emergence of protonated 5-HO-8-oxoG in base pair.