BackgroundDespite its role in inflammation and the redox system under hypoxia, the effects and molecular mechanisms of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) in neuroinflammation-associated depression are poorly explored. Furthermore, Prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing proteins (PHDs) regulate HIF-1; however, whether and how PHDs regulate depressive-like behaviors under Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced stress conditions remain covered.MethodsTo highlight the roles and underlying mechanisms of PHDs-HIF-1 in depression, we employed behavioral, pharmacological, and biochemical analyses using the LPS-induced depression model.ResultsLipopolysaccharides treatment induced depressive-like behaviors, as we found, increased immobility and decreased sucrose preference in the mice. Concurrently, we examined increased cytokine levels, HIF-1 expression, mRNA levels of PHD1/PHD2, and neuroinflammation upon LPS administration, which Roxadustat reduced. Furthermore, the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin reversed Roxadustat-induced changes. Additionally, Roxadustat treatment attenuated LPS-induced synaptic impairment and improved spine numbers, ameliorated by wortmannin.ConclusionLipopolysaccharides-dysregulates HIF-PHDs signaling may contribute to neuroinflammation-coincides depression via PI3K signaling.
Waste heat recovery of the internal combustion engine (ICE) has attracted much attention, and the supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO2) cycle was considered as a promising technology. In this paper, a comparison of four S-CO2 cycles for waste heat recovery from the ICE was presented. Improving the exhaust heat recovery ratio and cycle thermal efficiency were significant to the net output power. A discussion about four different cycles with different design parameters was conducted, along with a thermodynamic performance. The results showed that choosing an appropriate inlet pressure of the compressor could achieve the maximum exhaust heat recovery ratio, and the pressure increased with the rising of the turbine inlet pressure and compressor inlet temperature. The maximum exhaust heat recovery ratio for recuperation and pre-compression of the S-CO2 cycle were achieved at 7.65 Mpa and 5.8 MPa, respectively. For the split-flow recompression cycle, thermal efficiency first increased with the increasing of the split ratio (SR), then decreased with a further increase of the SR, but the exhaust heat recovery ratio showed a sustained downward trend with the increase of the SR. For the split-flow expansion cycle, the optimal SR was 0.43 when the thermal efficiency and exhaust heat recovery ratio achieved the maximum. The highest recovery ratio was 24.75% for the split-flow expansion cycle when the total output power, which is the sum of the ICE power output and turbine mechanical power output, increased 15.3%. The thermal performance of the split-flow expansion cycle was the best compared to the other three cycles.
With the aim to analyze the flow pattern and heat transfer characteristics of the working fluid in a flat plate heat pipe (FPHP) which was sealed by a transparent tempered glass plate, ethanol, acetone, and R141b were taken as the working medium, and visual experiments were performed at different heat flux when the inclination angle was 90°. The vapor-liquid distribution and the heat transfer characteristics of the FPHP were investigated at different liquid filling ratios. According to the experimental results and the recording of high-speed cameras, some important conclusions had been drawn as follows: (i) As the power increases, the vapor-liquid interface in the FPHP declines and the effects of dryout is significantly intnsified, leading to a sharp increase in temperature. The FPHP with a filling ratios of 25.7% owns better thermal performance than that with the filling ratios of 11.8% and 66% at different heating power; (ii) the bubble generation inside the FPHP became more intense with increasing heat flux, and various bubble movement patterns were found at different the liquid filling ratios; (iii) As the liquid film flowed downward, the thickness of the liquid film increased at first and then decreases. The condensation of steam was reduced due to the thickening of the liquid film on the wall. The liquid film became thinner when it was entrapped and evaporated in the downward flow.
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