There are four major hypotheses (H1, H2, H3, and H4) as to the source of missing heritability. We propose that estimates obtained from GWAS underestimate heritability by not taking into account non-DNA (epigenetic) sources of heritability. Taking those factors into account (H4) should result in increased heritability estimates.
Heritability estimates obtained in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are much lower than those of traditional quantitative methods. This has been called the "missing heritability problem". By analyzing and comparing these two kinds of methods, we first show that the estimates obtained by traditional methods involve some terms that GWAS do not.Second, the estimates obtained by GWAS do not take into account epigenetic factors transmitted across generations, whilst they are included in the estimates of traditional quantitative methods. Once these two factors are taken into account, we show that the missing heritability problem can be largely dissolved. Finally, we briefly contextualize our analysis within a current discussion on how non-additive factors relate to the heritability estimates in GWAS.
The sphingid, Theretra latreillii subsp. lucasii is a common hawk moth distributed in southeast Asia and Australian regions. Although barcode analyses have been published, its complete mitogenome sequence has not been deciphered. In this study, the complete mitogenome of T. latreillii lucasii (GeneBank accession no. MW539688) was sequenced using Illumina HiSeq X Ten system for mitogenome-based phylogenetic analysis. The mitogenome was 15,354 bp in length and comprises 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs) with the typical gene order and orientation of Sphingidae mitogenomes. The nucleotide composition of majority strand is 41.2% for A, 7.4% for G, 12.0% for C, and 39.4% for T, with an A þ T content of 80.6%. Phylogenetic analysis using the 13 PCGs fully resolved T. latreillii lucasii in a clade with T. japonica, Macroglossum stellatarum, and Ampelophaga rubiginosa, with high nodal support both by Bayesian inference and maximum-likelihood methods, forming the Macroglossini monophyletic group.
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