A palladium-catalyzed intermolecular vicinal diarylation of terminal 1,3-dienes using aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates and arylboronic acids is reported. Using this technology, two different arenes are regioselectively introduced in a vicinal fashion across the terminal alkene of a variety of terminal 1,3-dienes at ambient temperature. Through the action of a chiral bicyclo[2.2.2]octadienyl ligand at −20 °C, good enantioselectivity has also been achieved.
Interferon gamma-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) senses DNA in the cytoplasm and the nucleus by using two tandem hematopoietic interferon-inducible nuclear (HIN) domains, HINa and HINb, through the cooperative assembly of IFI16 filaments on double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). The role of HINa in sensing DNA is not clearly understood. Here, we describe the crystal structure of the HINa domain in complex with DNA at 2.55 Å resolution and provide the first insight into the mode of DNA binding by the HINa domain. The structure reveals the presence of two oligosaccharide/nucleotide-binding (OB) folds with a unique DNA-binding surface. HINa uses loop L45 of the canonical OB2 fold to bind to the DNA backbone. The dsDNA is recognized as two single strands of DNA. Interestingly, deletion of HINb compromises the ability of IFI16 to induce IFN-β, while HINa mutants impaired in DNA binding enhance the production of IFN-β. These results shed light on the roles of IFI16 HIN domains in DNA recognition and innate immune responses.
An efficient protocol for the one-step synthesis of biologically relevant 1,1-diarylalkanes has been described. This reaction introduces two different aryl groups across the terminal end of simple feedstock alkenes such as ethylene and allylic carbonates. The propensity to generate π-benzylpalladium intermediates dictates the exclusive 1,1-regioselectivity observed in the product.
BackgroundEpstein–Barr virus (EBV) is associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) which is prevalent in South China, and its association with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or other autoimmune diseases has not been studied in the mainland of China. The EBV serological tests have been performed on patients with various diseases or manifestations for years at our institution and their values need to be evaluated.MethodsFor routine medical purposes, anti-EB viral capsid antigen (VCA) IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies, anti-EBV diffuse early antigen (EA-D) IgA antibodies, and anti-EBV nuclear antigen-1(EBNA-1) IgG antibodies were tested with commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in patients visiting Peking Union Medical College Hospital between 2013 and 2017. The test results were analyzed in this retrospective study.ResultsThere were a total of 11122 serum samples available to be tested in the study. As indicators of past EBV infection, the prevalence of VCA-IgG/EBNA1-IgG were 66.6%/58.5%, 84.3%/78.8%, 92.9%/87.0% and 98.5%/95.4% in patients aged under 5 years, 6–10 years, 11–20 years and 21–30 years old, respectively, and these values maintained at this highest rate as age increased further. The prevalence of VCA-IgM, as a parameter of acute EBV infection, was 14.6%, 10.2%, 10.4%, 6.3% and 3.1% in patients aged under 5 years, 6–10 years,11–20 years, 21–30 years, 31–40 years old, respectively, and decreased to 2%~3% in older patients. Patients with elevated serum liver enzymes were more likely to have a higher prevalence of EA/D IgA antibody (P < 0.01) and young patients (≤30 years) with lymphadenopathy were more likely to have higher prevalence of VCA-IgM antibody (P < 0.01). The prevalence of VCA-IgA and EAD-IgA were 87.0% and 59.2% in NPC patients, respectively, and both were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than that in non-NPC patients. The prevalence of VCA-IgA was 45.4% and 25.6% in SLE patients and patients with other autoimmune diseases, respectively, which were significantly (P < 0.001) and mildly (P = 0.039) higher than their controls. In pediatric SLE patients between 6 and10 years old, the prevalence of VCA-IgG, VCA-IgA and EBNA1-IgG was 100%, 59.5% and 100%, respectively, all being significantly higher than the age (6-10y) related controls (P< 0.01). In the 705 cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) specimens, VCA-IgG, VCA-IgM, VCA-IgA and EAD-IgA were found to be positive in 12.1%, 0.15%, 0.25% and 0.25%, respectively. There were 157 paired specimens (CSF and serum were collected simultaneously) and VCA-IgG was identified as positive in 12.7% of the CSF and 100% of the serum specimens.ConclusionsAround 98% of Chinese patients were infected with EBV before 30 years of age and the highest rate of acute EBV infection were observed in patients under 5 years old. EBV infection was found to be associated with elevated serum liver enzymes, NPC and SLE. Acute anti-EBV antibody was valued for young patients with lymphadenopathy but limited value for CNS neuropathy.
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