Abstract-In this paper, we employ Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) with image and data processing techniques to implement a general purpose automated leaf recognition for plant classification. 12 leaf features are extracted and orthogonalized into 5 principal variables which consist the input vector of the PNN. The PNN is trained by 1800 leaves to classify 32 kinds of plants with an accuracy greater than 90%. Compared with other approaches, our algorithm is an accurate artificial intelligence approach which is fast in execution and easy in implementation.

Social tagging can provide rich semantic information for largescale retrieval in music discovery. Such collaborative intelligence, however, also generates a high degree of tags unhelpful to discovery, some of which obfuscate critical information. Towards addressing these shortcomings, tag recommendation for more robust music discovery is an emerging topic of significance for researchers. However, current methods do not consider diversity of music attributes, often using simple heuristics such as tag frequency for filtering out irrelevant tags. Music attributes encompass any number of perceived dimensions, for instance vocalness, genre, and instrumentation. Many of these are underrepresented by current tag recommenders. We propose a scheme for tag recommendation using Explicit Multiple Attributes based on tag semantic similarity and music content. In our approach, the attribute space is explicitly constrained at the outset to a set that minimizes semantic loss and tag noise, while ensuring attribute diversity. Once the user uploads or browses a song, the system recommends a list of relevant tags in each attribute independently. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first method to consider Explicit Multiple Attributes for tag recommendation. Our system is designed for large-scale deployment, on the order of millions of objects. For processing largescale music data sets, we design parallel algorithms based on the MapReduce framework to perform large-scale music content and social tag analysis, train a model, and compute tag similarity. We evaluate our tag recommendation system on CAL-500 and a largescale data set (N = 77, 448 songs) generated by crawling Youtube and Last.fm. Our results indicate that our proposed method is both effective for recommending attribute-diverse relevant tags and efficient at scalable processing.

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Music classification based on cultural style is useful for music analysis and has potential applications in retrieval and recommendation systems. In this paper, we present the first attempt to classify audio signals automatically according to their cultural styles, which are characterized by timbre, rhythm, wavelet coefficients and musicology-based features. Machine learning algorithms are employed to investigate the effectiveness of various features on a data set of 1300 music pieces. Experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve an overall accuracy of 86% for six cultural styles, which shows the feasibility of integrating cultural style classification into music retrieval systems.

Clustering evaluation measures are frequently used to evaluate the performance of algorithms. However, most measures are not properly normalized and ignore some information in the inherent structure of clusterings. We model the relation between two clusterings as a bipartite graph and propose a general component-based decomposition formula based on the components of the graph. Most existing measures are examples of this formula. In order to satisfy consistency in the component, we further propose a split-merge framework for comparing clusterings of different data sets. Our framework gives measures that are conditionally normalized, and it can make use of data point information, such as feature vectors and pairwise distances. We use an entropy-based instance of the framework and a coreference resolution data set to demonstrate empirically the utility of our framework over other measures.

A music retrieval system is introduced that incorporates tempo, cultural, and beat strength features to help music therapists provide appropriate music for gait training for Parkinson's patients. Unlike current methods available to music therapists (e.g., personal CD/MP3 library search), we propose a domain-specific search engine that utilizes a database of music found on YouTube. We independently evaluate the efficacy of our tempo, cultural, and beat strength features on a music database extracted from YouTube. Results from our user study demonstrate the effectiveness and usefulness of our search engine for this application.

In this paper, we firstly modify a parameter in affinity propagation (AP) to improve its convergence ability, and then, we apply it to vector quantization (VQ) codebook design problem. In order to improve the quality of the resulted codebook, we combine the improved AP (IAP) with the conventional LBG algorithm to generate an effective algorithm call IAP-LBG. According to the experimental results, the proposed method not only improves its convergence abilities but also provides higher-quality codebooks than conventional LBG method does.