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Aims The purpose of this experiment was to study the bacterial diversity and predominance of spoilage bacteria in chicken skin at different storage temperatures (4, 25 and 37°C). Methods and Results The total bacteria in chicken skin were collected, total DNA was extracted by an E. Z. N. A. Bacterial DNA Kit, and the v3–v4 regions of the 16S rDNA gene in the microbiota of the chicken skin were studied using the Illumina Hiseq platform. A total of 91 862 bacterial sequences were obtained for assessing the microbial diversity from chicken skin at three storage temperatures. The results showed that the bacterial diversity in chicken skin at 25°C was the highest, and Pseudomonas was dominant at 4°C, while Acinetobacter and Clostridium were the main flora at 25°C. Clostridium dominated and played a critical role in the chicken skin stored at 37°C. Conclusions The effect of temperature on bacterial diversity in chicken skin was significant and the dominant spoilage bacteria were different in chicken skin at different temperatures, which had a strong guiding significance for the control and prediction of micro‐organisms in foods. Significance and Impact of the Study The results of this article could provide a theoretical basis for meat products containing chicken skin, including the safe use of chicken skin, determination of sterilization process parameters and selection of preservatives for compounding.

The dry root of Astragalus mongholicus has therapeutic effects such as tonifing the middle - jiao, replenishing qi, solidifing the surface, promoting diuresis, dispelling sepsis outwards and nourishing muscle. There are some slices having black spots after slicing the root of astragalus. The diversity of endophytic fungi between slices with black spots and normal slices was analysed in this paper. The endophytic fungal sequences obtained by high-throughput sequencing were 298,044 and 297,396, and the 116 OTU subsets obtained after clustering belonged to 3 phyla, 9 classes, 22 orders, 38 families and 46 genera. The dominant classes were Eurotiomycetes and Leotiomycetes. The dominant order is Eurotiales and Helotiales. The dominant families are Helotiales_fam_Incertae_sedis and Aspergillaceae. The dominant genera are Cadophora and Aspergillus. There are some peculiar fungal flora in both normal slices and spotted slices. The study on endophytic fungi diversity of astragalus slices will provide some help for drug development of this plant.

The intestinal microbiome is important for the health of aquatic animals. However, in Babylonia, the combination of gastrointestinal tract (GI) bacterial symbionts has barely been explored. In this study, from a farm with naturally occurring diseases, we collected Babylonia areolata in three different states, that is “diseased” (group D), “health” (group H) and “subhealth” (group SH) and aimed to reveal the relationship between disease occurrence and GI microbiota of B. areolata. Diversity analysis illustrated that GI microbial diversity of group D was obviously lower than that of group H on phylum level and genus level, and GI microbial diversity of group SH was between group D and H. KEGG analysis showed that the physiological activities of pathogenic microorganisms in group D increased significantly, compared with group H. Metagenomics analysis demonstrated the expressions of virulence genes in group D enhanced obviously, compared with group H. In addition, the diversity of culturable microorganisms from the GI contents of group D was dramatically lower than that of group H. A total of 22 species were obtained from the GI contents of group H. However, only four species were obtained from group D, and two important pathogens, Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio tubiashii, were dominant microbiota. These results indicate that the decline of GI microbial diversity in B. areolata is highly associated with the occurrence of disease. We speculated environmental factors led to the decline of GI microbial diversity, which could promote propagation of pathogenic microbes (such as V. harveyi and V. tubiashii). Our findings provide new insights into the disease outbreak of B. areolata and provide propose that the preservation of GI microbial diversity at the early phases can effectively prevent the occurrence of disease.