Cognitive decline is one of the complications of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Intermittent fasting (IF) is a promising dietary intervention for alleviating T2D symptoms, but its protective effect on diabetes-driven cognitive dysfunction remains elusive. Here, we find that a 28-day IF regimen for diabetic mice improves behavioral impairment via a microbiota-metabolites-brain axis: IF enhances mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism gene expression in hippocampus, restructures the gut microbiota, and improves microbial metabolites that are related to cognitive function. Moreover, strong connections are observed between IF affected genes, microbiota and metabolites, as assessed by integrative modelling. Removing gut microbiota with antibiotics partly abolishes the neuroprotective effects of IF. Administration of 3-indolepropionic acid, serotonin, short chain fatty acids or tauroursodeoxycholic acid shows a similar effect to IF in terms of improving cognitive function. Together, our study purports the microbiota-metabolites-brain axis as a mechanism that can enable therapeutic strategies against metabolism-implicated cognitive pathophysiologies.

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Scope Obesity is associated with gut microbiome dysbiosis. Mannose oligosaccharide (MOS) has been reported to be a potential prebiotic. The present study is aimed to determine the effects of MOS on western‐diet‐induced obesity and to uncover the mediating roles of the gut microbiota and microbial metabolites. Methods and results Three‐month‐old male ICR mice are fed with a high‐fat and high‐fructose diet for 8 weeks. The diet‐induced obese mice are then orally administrated with MOS (100 and 200 mg kg–1 d–1) for 4 weeks. MOS significantly reduces bodyweight gain, insulin resistance, fatty liver, and inflammatory responses in obese mice. MOS also stimulates lipolysis and inhibits lipogenesis in the adipose tissues. Moreover, MOS restructures the gut microbiome by enhancing the abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in obese mice. The microbial metabolite SCFAs are also increased in the feces and serum. Correlation analysis indicates that the appetite suppression and lipid‐lowering effects of MOS are highly correlated with the butyrate levels. Conclusion MOS suppresses the appetite, which results in less lipid deposition. The lower appetite is likely due to an altered gut microbiome and elevated SCFAs production. MOS may be a potential nutraceutical used in body weight management and gut health improvement.

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The degree of bubble bursting at the inlet of an evaporator is the key factor to determine the size of the injection noise at the capillary outlet. In this study, by using the theory of cavitation dynamics, the transition tube between the capillary and evaporator is improved to suppress the bubble bursting at the entrance of the evaporator, so as to reduce the jet noise at the outlet of the capillary. The influence of aeration structure on noise reduction of a refrigerator (Haier BCD-520) was studied by numerical simulation, and experiments were carried out. The results show that the admixture structure significantly inhibits the bubble bursting and reduces the injection noise by 1.5 dB(A).

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