The problem of security in vehicular networks is a vital issue and attracts researchers' increasing attention for its unique characteristics, such as the vulnerability of wireless media, untrusted communication environment, and closely relationship with human lives and privacy. Authentication is an effective means to ensure the security of communication and provide trust. Authorized vehicle should be revoked if the vehicle become compromised. Designing an efficient revocation mechanism for vehicular networks is a challenging task because of the diverse security requirements and the unique network characteristics. Thus, a large body of work emerged in recent years, proposing revocation schemes tailored to vehicular networks. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey on revocation schemes in vehicular networks. Firstly, we investigate existing revocation schemes systematically and classify these schemes based on the location where the revocation information has been placed. Secondly, we divide the whole revocation process into three stages: 1) the resolution of revocation information, 2) the distribution of revocation information and 3) the use of revocation information. Typical works in each stage of the revocation process have been reviewed and we also point out the challenging problems and key enabled techniques in each stage.
The pyrolysis experiments
of isooctane were conducted in a flow
tube at the temperature from 848 to 1123 K at 30 Torr and from 723
to 998 K at 760 Torr. The pyrolysis intermediates and products were
photoionized by synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet and detected by a reflectron
time-of-flight mass spectrometer. A pyrolysis model was developed
to compare the results with the experimental data to improve the combustion
mechanism and to clarify the important pyrolysis pathways of isooctane.
The model includes 321 species and 1569 reactions. It can be revealed
from the rate of production and sensitivity analyses that in the initial
decomposition of isooctane, unimolecular dissociation reactions are
more important than H-abstraction reactions. The reaction pathways
and branching ratios are affected by the change of pressures. The
reaction networks of C5–C2 unsaturated
hydrocarbons are dominated by the production of isobutene and propene
via various reaction channels. Small amounts of benzene and fulvene
are formed from the reactions of smaller radicals and molecules.
Our previous studies demonstrated that arming vaccinia viruses with marine lectins enhanced the antitumor efficacy in several cancer cells. This study aims to compare the efficacy of oncolytic vaccinia viruses harboring Tachypleus tridentatus lectin (oncoVV-TTL), Aphrocallistes vastus lectin (oncoVV-AVL), white-spotted charr lectin (oncoVV-WCL), and Asterina pectinifera lectin (oncoVV-APL) in breast cancer cells (BC). These results indicated that oncoVV-AVL elicited the highest anti-tumor effect, followed by oncoVV-APL, while oncoVV-TTL and oncoVV-WCL had lower effects in BC. Further studies showed that apoptosis and replication may work together to enhance the cytotoxicity of oncoVV-lectins in a cell-type dependent manner. TTL/AVL/APL/WCL may mediate multiple pathways, including ERK, JNK, Hippo, and PI3K pathways, to promote oncoVV replication in MDA-MB-231 cells. In contrast, these pathways did not affect oncoVV-TTL/AVL/APL/WCL replication in MCF-7 cells, suggesting that the mechanisms of recombinant viruses in MCF-7 (ER+, PR+) and MDA-MB-231 (TNBC) cells were significantly different. Based on this study, we hypothesized that ER or PR may be responsible for the differences in promoting viral replication and inducing apoptosis between MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, but the specific mechanism needs to be further explored. In addition, small-molecule drugs targeting key cellular signaling pathways, including MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and Hippo, could be conjunction with oncoVV-AVL to promote breast cancer therapy, and key pathway factors in the JNK and PI3K pathways may be related to the efficacy of oncoVV-APL/TTL/WCL. This study provides a basis for applying oncolytic vaccinia virus in breast carcinoma.
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