As the extension of the fuzzy sets (FSs) theory, the intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs) play an important role in handling the uncertainty under the uncertain environments. The Pythagoreanfuzzy sets (PFSs) proposed by Yager in 2013 can deal with more uncertain situations than intuitionistic fuzzy sets because of its larger range of describing the membership grades. How to measure the distance of Pythagorean fuzzy sets is still an open issue. Jensen–Shannon divergence is a useful distance measure in the probability distribution space. In order to efficiently deal with uncertainty in practical applications, this paper proposes a new divergence measure of Pythagorean fuzzy sets, which is based on the belief function in Dempster–Shafer evidence theory, and is called PFSDM distance. It describes the Pythagorean fuzzy sets in the form of basic probability assignments (BPAs) and calculates the divergence of BPAs to get the divergence of PFSs, which is the step in establishing a link between the PFSs and BPAs. Since the proposed method combines the characters of belief function and divergence, it has a more powerful resolution than other existing methods. Additionally, an improved algorithm using PFSDM distance is proposed in medical diagnosis, which can avoid producing counter-intuitive results especially when a data conflict exists. The proposed method and the magnified algorithm are both demonstrated to be rational and practical in applications.

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In this paper, we relax the definition of Rényi information dimension. The power law of the Entropy-Layer in the Galton board is discovered and we calculate its information fractal dimension. When the Galton board is extended to bias or three-dimensional space, we get the same fractal features. In addition, according to the connection between Pascal’s triangle and the Poisson distribution, we find constrained Poisson distribution groups with the same information dimension. This is the first time the information entropy is utilized to explore the fractal features of the Galton board and Pascal’s triangle.