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A new four-node shell element with a single-point quadrature to be used for explicit time integration is presented in this paper. The physical stabilization is applied, which enables explicitly evaluating the stabilizing forces on basis of the general degenerated shell formulation and which does not require any input parameters. An optimized choice of the moduli is performed in order to compute the stabilized forces for non-linear material so that the element's behaviour is improved with respect to similar physical stabilization elements.The cost e ciency of the element is demonstrated by the numerical examples in comparison with a fully integrated 4-node element. The new element is then implemented in and validated with the RADIOSS crash program. ? 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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