Pharmacological inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs) has been successfully applied in the treatment of a wide range of disorders, including Parkinson's disease, infection, cardiac diseases, inflammation, and especially cancer. HDAC inhibitors (HDACIs) have been proved to be effective antitumor agents by various stages of investigation. At present, there are two opposite focuses of HDACI design in the cancer therapy, highly selective inhibitor strategy and dual- or multitargeted inhibitors. The former method, which is supposed to elucidate the function of individual HDAC and provide candidate inhibitors with fewer side effects, has been widely accepted by the inhibitor developer. The latter approach, though less practiced, has promising potential for the antitumor therapy based on HDACIs. Effective HDACIs, some of which are in clinic anticancer research, have been developed by both methods. In order to gain insight into HDACI design, the strategies and achievements of the two diverse methods are reviewed.

The molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) has emerged as an important target for cancer treatment. HDN-1, an epipolythiopiperazine-2, 5-diones (ETPs) compound, was here identified as a new Hsp90 inhibitor. HDN-1 bound directly to C-terminus of Hsp90α, resulting in a potential conformational change that interfered with the binding of 17-AAG and novobiocin to Hsp90α. In contrast, association of 17-AAG, novobiocin or ATP with Hsp90α did not prevent the binding HDN-1 to Hsp90α. HDN-1 in combination with 17-AAG exhibited an enhanced inhibitory effect on non-small lung cancer cell proliferation. Molecular docking analyses revealed that HDN-1 bound to Hsp90α at C-terminal 526–570 region. In addition, HDN-1 degraded multiple oncoproteins and promoted EGF-induced wild type and mutated EGFR downregulation. Notably, chaetocin, used as a SUV39H1 inhibitor with similar structure to HDN-1, bound to Hsp90 and degraded Hsp90 client proteins and SUV39H1 as did HDN-1. These results indicate that HDN-1 and chaetocin are inhibitors of Hsp90 and that SUV39H1 is a novel client protein of Hsp90.

A series of L-arginine derivatives were designed, synthesized and assayed for their activities against amino-peptidase N (APN)/CD13 and metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2). The results showed that most compounds exhibited high inhibitory activities against APN and low activities against MMP-2. Within this series, two compounds 5q and 5s (IC(50)=5.3 and 5.1 microM) showed similar inhibitory activities compared with bestatin (IC(50)=3.8 microM), which could be used as novel lead compounds for the future APN inhibitors development as anticancer agents.

Get asymmetric! Asymmetric [4+1] annulation of sulfur ylides and N-(ortho-chloromethyl)aryl amides allowed the formation of the desired cycloadduct with moderate to high yields and enantioselectivities (see scheme). The described strategy, taking advantage of chiral sulfur ylides, represents a direct procedure to access chiral 2-substituted indolines.

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The extent of the electrochemical oxidative [3+2] cycloaddition/aromatization cascade can be regulated with the assistance of redox mediators. Isoquinolinium salts as alternative azomethine ylide precursors afforded fully aromatized N-heterocycles.

Nitrosobenzenes have been used as a convenient aminating reagent for the efficient synthesis of 1H-indazoles via rhodium and copper catalyzed C-H activation and C-N/N-N coupling. The reaction occurred under redox-neutral conditions with high efficiency and functional group tolerance. Moreover, a rhodacyclic imidate complex has been identified as a key intermediate.

In this study, casein, a protein found in milk, was used as a surface‐coating material for improving wool fabric properties mediated by a microbial protein cross‐linking enzyme: transglutaminase (TGase). For the wool fabric used in this study, 4% casein (owf) treatment for 1 h combined with 20 U/g fabric of microbial TGase reduced the area shrinkage of the KMnO4‐pretreated wool fabric from 11.32±0.26 to 4.57±0.15%. The tensile strength increased from 275±5.0 to 315±2.1 N. The casein cross‐linked by TGase on wool exhibited better stability than that with the inactivated enzyme in warm water, Na2CO3 and SDS solutions. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrated that the casein and TGase treatment smoothened the wool fiber surface by coating or filling the raised scales of the wool.