Discrete element method (DEM) has been an increasingly used tool to get better understanding of charging process and flow behaviors of granular materials in metallurgical reactors. However, validation and precision of DEM must be verified and calibrated. In this paper, a calibration approach is proposed for the sphere equivalence of irregular particles in DEM simulation of charging process. In this approach, the non-sphere behavior of irregular particles is characterized by a pair of apparent sliding and rolling resistance coefficients obtained by quantitative comparison of the angle of repose and discharging time of hopper based on laboratory measurement of physical benchmarking experiments. The calibration approach is applied in the DEM simulation of the charging process of a shaft furnace in COREX 3000. Validation of simulation results for flow trajectory and stream width after leaving chute and burden distribution and profile is investigated through comparison of DEM and experiments. The results show that, with such a calibration approach, DEM can be easily used to simulate solid flow of irregular particles.
Dynamic thermal emission control has attracted growing interest in a broad range of fields including radiative cooling, thermophotovoltaics and adaptive camouflage. Previous demonstrations of dynamic thermal emission control present disadvantages of either large thickness or requiring sustained electrical or thermal excitations. In this paper, an ultrathin plasmonic thermal emitter incorporating zero‐static‐power phase‐changing material Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) is experimentally demonstrated to dynamically control thermal emission. The whole structure shows a total thickness of 550 nm (∼0.023λ), which is well below the subwavelength scale.
(Picture: Yurui Qu et al., article number 1700091, in this issue)
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