Abstract:Energy security and sustainability are crucial factors for the development of China. The creation of an evaluation theoretical system of the energy has theoretical and practical significance that is important for ensuring the safe and sustainable development of energy security that matches the national development phase and reflects the sustainable development of national energy. Sustainable energy security must not only take into account the security of energy supply-demand in the long-term and short-term, it must also focus on the coordinated development between energy, the environment, and the economy in China. This paper proposes five dimensions of energy security (availability, accessibility, affordability, acceptability, and develop-ability) to construct China's Sustainable Energy Security (CSES) evaluation index model. Based on the model, an empirical study of China's energy security is carried out with data from 2005 to 2015, and dynamic changing trends are analyzed accordingly. The results indicate that availability and develop-ability are the most important weights in China's Sustainable Energy Security index system, where availability shows a general downward trend, and develop-ability presents an inverted U-type trend, with its lowest point in 2011. From 2008 to 2012, China's sustainable energy security had been at risk. Taking the year 2010 as the demarcation, two phases were obtained: before and after 2010, during which the level of China's sustainable energy security first dropped, and then rose. However, compared with 2005, CSES level decreased by 28% in 2015 due to the decline of availability and accessibility. During 2005-2015, China's energy security system had relative high scores in acceptability and develop-ability, while the sustained downward trend of availability is in need of more regulation.
Glycine decarboxylase complex (GDC) is a multi-protein complex, comprising P-, H-, T-and L-protein subunits, which plays a major role in photorespiration in plants. While structural analysis has demonstrated that the H subunit of GDC (GDCH) plays a pivotal role in GDC, research on the role of GDCH in biological processes in plants is seldom reported. Here, the function of GDCH, stresses resulting from GDCHknockdown and the interactions of these stresses with other cellular processes were studied in rice plants. Under high CO2, the OsGDCH RNA interference (OsGDCH-RNAi) plants grew normally, but under ambient CO2, severely suppressed OsGDCH-RNAi plants (SSPs) were non-viable, which displayed a photorespiration-deficient phenotype. Under ambient CO2, chlorophyll loss, protein degradation, lipid peroxidation and photosynthesis decline occurred in SSPs. Electron microscopy studies showed that chloroplast breakdown and autophagy took place in these plants. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), including O2-and H2O2, accumulated and the antioxidant enzyme activities decreased in the leaves of SSPs under ambient CO2. The expression of transcription factors and senescence-associated genes (SAGs), which was up-regulated in SSPs after transfer to ambient CO2, was enhanced in wild-type plants treated with H2O2. Evidences demonstrate ROS induce senescence in SSPs, and transcription factors OsWRKY72 may mediate the ROSinduced senescence.
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