We leverage available data and statistical learning methods to perform a holistic screening for promising new solid electrolytes.

Test coverage is sometimes used as a way to measure how thoroughly software is tested. Coverage is used by software developers and sometimes by vendors to indicate their confidence in the readiness of their software. This survey studies and compares 17 coverage-based testing tools focusing on, but not restricted to coverage measurement. We also survey additional features, including program prioritization for testing, assistance in debugging, automatic generation of test cases, and customization of test reports. Such features make tools more useful and practical, especially for large-scale, real-life commercial software applications. Our initial motivations were both to understand the available test coverage tools and to compare them to a tool that we have developed, called eXVantage 1 (a tool suite that includes code coverage testing, debugging, performance profiling, and reporting). Our study shows that each tool has its unique features tailored to its application domains. Therefore this study can be used to pick the right coverage testing tools depending on various requirements.

No abstract

Mutations in the SLC13A5 gene, a sodium citrate cotransporter, cause a rare autosomal recessive epilepsy (EIEE25) that begins during the neonatal period and is associated with motor and cognitive impairment. Patient’s seizure burden, semiology, and electroencephalography (EEG) findings have not been well characterized. Data on 23 patients, 3 months to 29 years of age are reported. Seizures began during the neonatal period in 22 patients. Although seizures are quite severe in many patients later in life, seizure freedom was attainable in a minority of patients. Multiple patients’ chronic seizure management included a few common medications, phenobarbital and valproic acid in particular. Patients EEGs had a relatively well-preserved background for age, even in the face of frequent seizures, little slowing and multiple normal EEGs and do not support an epileptic encephalopathy. Other causes for the motor and cognitive delay beyond epilepsy warrant further study.

Oxidized-1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl-sn -glycerol-3-phosphocholine (Ox-PAPC) has been demonstrated to accumulate in atherosclerotic lesions and regulates expression of more than 1,000 genes in human aortic endothelial cell (HAEC). Among the most highly induced is heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a cell-protective antioxidant enzyme, which is sensitively induced by oxidative stress. To identify the pathway by which Ox-PAPC induces HO-1, we focused on the plasma membrane electron transport (PMET) complex, which contains ecto-NADH oxidase 1 (eNOX1) and NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and affects cellular redox status by regulating levels of NAD(P)H. We demonstrated that Ox-PAPC and its active components stimulated electron transfer through the PMET complex in HAECs from inside to outside [as determined by extracellular 2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(44-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (WST-1) reduction] and from outside to inside of the cell (as determined by intracellular NBT reduction). Chemical inhibitors of PMET system and siRNAs to PMET components (NQO1 and eNOX1) significantly decreased HO-1 induction by Ox-PAPC. We present evidence that Ox-PAPC activation of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) in HAEC plays an important role in the induction of HO-1 and PMET inhibitors blocked Nrf2 activation by Ox-PAPC. We hypothesized that PMET activation by Ox-PAPC causes intracellular NAD(P)H depletion, which leads to the increased oxidative stress and HO-1 induction. Supporting this hypothesis, cotreatment of cells with exogenous NAD(P)H and Ox-PAPC significantly decreased oxidative stress and HO-1 induction by Ox-PAPC. Taken together, we demonstrated that the PMET system in HAEC plays an important role in the regulation of cellular redox status and HO-1 expression by Ox-PAPC.

No abstract

Strontium titanate, SrTiO3, has been intensively investigated as a model material in defect chemistry research. The underlying mechanism of the effects associated with a large variety of defects often requires microstructure imaging. In the present work, the distribution of nanoscale structural defects in electrodegraded Fe-doped SrTiO3 (Fe:STO) single crystals is directly revealed by ultrafast photoacoustic waves. We utilized time-resolved reflectance spectra to nondestructively characterize local structural distortions near the degraded anode and cathode interfaces in both the reduced and oxidized crystals along with transmission electron microscopy to image these defects. We show that an accumulation of oxygen vacancies resulted in significant structural deformations near the degraded cathode interface of the reduced crystal. The defect distribution shows a strong dependence on oxygen vacancy concentration and diffusion within the crystals.

This study identifies early cerebral diffusion changes in patients with tension-type and migraine-type headaches compared with controls. The hypothesized mechanisms of nociception in migraine-type and tension-type headaches may explain the findings as a precursor to structural changes seen in adult patients with chronic headache.