BACKGROUND: Two identical biotrickling filters, BTF1 and BTF2, were loaded with modified organisms, suspended filler and volcanic rock. The start-up times of both biotrickling filters were compared, and their performances were evaluated in terms of removal efficiency and elimination capacity. The parameters influencing the removal performance, such as the nitrogen source and biomass removal, were investigated. RESULTS:The results illustrated that both BTFs can start rapidly. In the case of BTF1, the removal efficiency was maintained at values greater than 80% when the gas flow rates ranged from 300 L h −1 to 500 L h −1 . A change in the nitrogen source from nitrate to ammonium salt didn't markedly improve BTF1 performance, however, BTF2 removal efficiency increased from 66% to 90%. Both BTFs rapidly achieved their previous performance when the biomass was removed, and high removal efficiency greater than 90% was achieved with a variable inlet toluene concentration ranging from 0.6 gm −3 to 1.1 gm −3 after the biomass was removed from BTF2. Maximum elimination capacities of 135.5 g m −3 h −1 and 157.8 g m −3 h −1 were achieved with BTF1 and BTF2, respectively. An uneven biomass distribution and, compared with BTF2, a lower quantity and variety of microorganisms were observed with BTF1. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrated that when volcanic rock was used as packing material in BTFs, they exhibited higher removal efficiency and stability. Set-up and operation of the BTFsTwo identical BTFs loaded with two types of packing materials, namely, the modified organisms suspended filler and volcanic
For the objective of enhancing the heat transfer ability of spray cooling, a single-nozzle open-loop spray cooling experiment platform was established with a data measuring system. Based on the surface heat transfer coefficient obtained from the experiment, combined with the visualization system to observe the distribution of droplets during the spray cooling process, the influence of heating power, medium flow rate, nozzle height and typical additives on heating surface coverage and heat transfer characteristics were investigated. The criterion non-dimensional criteria equations for Nu, Re, Pr and size coefficients were fitted and analyzed in comparison with experimental data. The main conclusions are as follows: considering the temperature distribution characteristics of the heating surface and the shape of the spray cone, the heat transfer performance can be optimized by increasing the coverage rate under high heat flux when the flow rate changes, appropriately reducing the coverage rate under low heat flux, and appropriately reducing the coverage rate when the height changes, which creates complete coverage in the droplet concentration area to improve the surface heat transfer capacity. Furthermore, the heat transfer coefficients were improved by 29.3%, 21.8% and 23.8% with different additives (CTAB, ethanol and CTAB–ethanol mixtures) in the working fluid. Each solution had an optimal concentration and heat transfer deterioration was observed at high concentrations. When using non-dimensional criteria equations for parameter calculations, the data are more accurate after considering the effect of dimensional coefficients.
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