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Objective. The parenchyma of organs such as liver, thyroid, and mammary gland during climacterium have common ultrasonographic textural features, which together form what we call small-dotstructure texture. To study this texture we designed the 4-neighborhood-pixels algorithm, an ultrasonographic texture analysis algorithm. The objective of this study was to confirm whether the 4-neighborhood-pixels algorithm can reflect the features of small-dot-structure texture. Methods. A changed small-dot-structure texture and 3 other textures were compared with the normal small-dotstructure texture in 4 groups, and a histogram algorithm was used for contrast with the 4-neighborhood-pixels algorithm. Results. The 4-neighborhood-pixels algorithm could reflect all the textural differences, but the histogram algorithm could reflect only some of them. Conclusions. The 4-neighborhood-pixels algorithm is a good algorithm for analyzing ultrasonographic small-dot-structure texture. Not only can it reflect changes in the small-dot-structure texture, but it can also differentiate between small-dot-structure and non-small-dot-structure textures. Key words: 4-neighborhood-pixels algorithm; ultrasonographic texture analysis; liver; mammary gland; thyroid. Abbreviations FNPA, 4-neighborhood-pixels algorithm; FP1, first texture parameter of the 4-neighborhood-pixels algorithm; FP2, second texture parameter of the 4-neighborhoodpixels algorithm; HA, histogram algorithm; HP1, first texture parameter of the histogram algorithm; HP2, second texture parameter of the histogram algorithm; MG, mean gray level; NSDST, non-small-dot-structure texture; SDST, small-dot-structure texture exture refers to certain image elements that repeat regularly or randomly.1 Many sonologists may be unfamiliar with the term, even though they actually have used texture for a long time. For example, the coarseness or fineness of dots in images of liver parenchyma and the homogeneity or heterogeneity of thyroid parenchyma are descriptions of texture.Diagnoses are made in part on the basis of texture. However, current descriptions are inaccurate. For example, in diagnostic ultrasonography, what can be called homogeneity, and what is heterogeneity? What are the criteria for them? How can we compare the heterogeneity of one image with that of another? Where is the exact line between heterogeneity and homogeneity? These questions lead to the problem: an inaccurate description can mean an inaccurate diagnosis-or we can call it a qualitative diagnosis.With the development of quantitative ultrasonographic diagnostic measures, these inaccurate diag-

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has significantly contributed to protecting human health and promoting the progress of world civilization. A total of 2,711 TCMs are included in the 2020 version of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, which is an integral part of the world’s medical resources. Tu Youyou and her team discovered and purified artemisinin. And their contributions made the values and advantageous effects of TCM more and more recognized by the international community. There has been a lot of studies on TCM to treat diseases through antioxidant mechanisms, the reports on the new mechanisms beyond antioxidants of TCM has also increased year by year. Recently, many TCMs appear to have significant effects in regulating ferroptosis. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent, non-apoptotic, regulated cell death characterized by intracellular lipid peroxide accumulation and oxidative membrane damage. Recently, accumulating studies have demonstrated that numerous organ injuries and pathophysiological process of many diseases are companied with ferroptosis, such as cancer, neurodegenerative disease, acute renal injury, arteriosclerosis, diabetes, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. This work mainly introduces dozens of TCMs that can regulate ferroptosis and their possible mechanisms and targets.

To meet the high‐speed commercialization demands of electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices, the development of high‐performance and low‐cost electrode materials is urgently necessary. Mesoporous carbon, which shows excellent intrinsic characteristics and flexible structure, has raised a surge of interest recently since it offers opportunities for improving the energy or power density and durability as well as reducing the cost of electrodes. In this paper, we first review primary methods for preparing mesoporous carbons. Next, the obstacles in lithium batteries, supercapacitors, proton exchange membrane fuel cells and water electrolyzers are analyzed and the recent progresses of mesoporous carbon based electrode designs in solving these obstacles are systematically introduced. Finally, we outline current challenges and future directions of developing mesoporous carbon based electrode materials in electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices. In creating this review, we hope to give a succinct introduction to the mesoporous carbon and provide meaningful references for its future research.