Annealing is a route that has proven to be successful at enhancing the hole mobility of some hole transporting materials. Under this consideration, we systematically investigated the effect of annealing treatment on the spiro‐OMeTAD and its corresponding solar cells by annealing the dye‐sensitized TiO2 electrodes at 80 and 140 °C. Upon annealing, the crystallization and oxidation of spiro‐OMeTAD enhanced, thereby favoring higher hole transfer and transport, ultimately leading to higher short‐circuit current (Jsc). However, the annealed devices showed lower open‐circuit voltage, which was due to the downshifting of TiO2 Fermi level as revealed by the transient photovoltage measurement. Results obtained in this study indicate the bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (Li‐TFSI) is responsible for the spiro‐OMeTAD oxidization and TiO2 Fermi level reduction during the annealing. Further to be annealed at 140 °C, the 4‐tert‐butyl pyridine (tBP) evaporated to further down‐shift the TiO2 Fermi level and dramatically reduce the Jsc, hence, the corresponded solar cell revealed the lowest efficiency. Typically, the standard temperature for thermal stress testing of solar cells in commercial applications is 85 °C. Therefore, it is highly imperative to have a better understanding of this phenomenon in order to achieve long‐term stability of solid‐state dye sensitized solar cells.

WRKY transcription factors in plants are known to be able to mediate either transcriptional activation or repression, but the mechanism regulating their transcriptional activity is largely unclear. We found that group IId WRKY transcription factors interact with OBERON (OBE) proteins, forming redundant WRKY‐OBE complexes in Arabidopsis thaliana. The coiled‐coil domain of WRKY transcription factors binds to OBE proteins and is responsible for target gene selection and transcriptional repression. The PHD finger of OBE proteins binds to both histones and WRKY transcription factors. WRKY‐OBE complexes repress the transcription of numerous stress‐responsive genes and are required for maintaining normal plant growth. Several WRKY and OBE mutants show reduced plant size and increased drought tolerance, accompanied by increased expression of stress‐responsive genes. Moreover, expression levels of most of these WRKY and OBE genes are reduced in response to drought stress, revealing a previously uncharacterized regulatory mechanism of the drought stress response. These results suggest that WRKY‐OBE complexes repress transcription of stress‐responsive genes, and thereby balance plant growth and stress tolerance.

Social media is valuable in propagating information during disasters for its timely and available characteristics nowadays, and assists in making decisions when tagged with locations. Considering the ambiguity and inaccuracy in some social data, additional authoritative data are needed for important verification. However, current works often fail to leverage both social and authoritative data and, on most occasions, the data are used in disaster analysis after the fact. Moreover, current works organize the data from the perspective of the spatial location, but not from the perspective of the disaster, making it difficult to dynamically analyze the disaster. All of the disaster-related data around the affected locations need to be retrieved. To solve these limitations, this study develops a geo-event-based geospatial information service (GEGIS) framework and proceeded as follows: (1) a geo-event-related ontology was constructed to provide a uniform semantic basis for the system; (2) geo-events and attributes were extracted from the web using a natural language process (NLP) and used in the semantic similarity match of the geospatial resources; and (3) a geospatial information service prototype system was designed and implemented for automatically retrieving and organizing geo-event-related geospatial resources. A case study of a typhoon hazard is analyzed here within the GEGIS and shows that the system would be effective when typhoons occur.