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As an indispensable ecological parameter, surface soil moisture (SSM) is of great significance for understanding the growth status of vegetation. The cooperative use of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and optical data has the advantage of considering both vegetation and underlying soil scattering information, which is suitable for SSM monitoring of vegetation areas. The main purpose of this paper is to establish an inversion approach using Terra-SAR and Landsat-7 data to estimate SSM at three different stages of corn growth in the irrigated area. A combined scattering model that can adequately represent the scattering characteristics of the vegetation coverage area is proposed by modifying the water cloud model (WCM) to reduce the effect of vegetation on the total SAR backscattering. The backscattering from the underlying soil is expressed by an empirical model with good performance in X-band. The modified water cloud model (MWCM) as a function of normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) considers the contribution of vegetation to the backscattering signal. An inversion technique based on artificial neural network (ANN) is used to invert the combined scattering model for SSM estimation. The inversion method is established and verified using datasets of three different growth stages of corn. Using the proposed method, we estimate the SSM with a correlation coefficient R ≥ 0.72 and root-mean-square error R M S E ≤ 0.043 cm 3 /cm 3 at the emergence stage, with R ≥ 0.87 and R M S E ≤ 0.046 cm 3 /cm 3 at the trefoil stage and with R ≥ 0.70 and R M S E ≤ 0.064 cm 3 /cm 3 at the jointing stage. The results suggest that the method proposed in this paper has operational potential in estimating SSM from Terra-SAR and Landsat-7 data at different stages of early corn growth.

Transparent conductive WGd–Ag–WGd films with superior electrochromic and energy storage performance have been obtained on glass substrates by reactive sputtering.