Using passive devices are an efficient method to enhance streamline behavior when liquid flows through the circular pipe. The interrupted structure groove is usually used to change the flow patterns. In this analysis, a heat performance numerical technique is applied to study the characteristics of fluid flow and heat transfer of the circular pipe using different axial groove geometrical configurations with different axial groove numbers, including 2, 3, and 4, under different conditions. The number of annular grooves and circumferential positions are the important parameters to analyse with varying operating conditions, with the Reynolds number (Re) range from 1500 to 23,000. A three-dimensional coordinate pipe system is applied using tetrahedron grids. The discretization equations are obtained by deriving algebraic approximations to integral conservation equations. Results observed that using this type of passive method has a low effect on pressure dope compared to the normal one (smooth pipe). The flow change occurs near and closed to the axial groove parameters. Moreover, the Nusselt number (Nu) value for the groove turbulators was higher than the normal one, about 14.5%-21%. The friction factor (f) value for the groove turbulators was higher than the normal one, were about 7.5%-24%. Most friction losses are caused by dynamical pressure dissipation owing to more viscous losses closed to the wall surfaces. The improvement of heat performance using this type of passing method was more than 1.2%.
Any refrigerant device consists of several parts, and one of the most significant parts is the expansion device. This expansion device can be classified into several types according to the size of the refrigeration system. The capillary tube is used usually with a small refrigerant system size to reduce the higher pressure in the condenser into the low pressure in the evaporator. In this study, the effect of the capillary tube's diameter and that of the temperature of the condenser and evaporator on the length of such a device has been theoretically studied. Furthermore, a validation between the theoretical analysis and experimental findings from the literature review has been carried out. To achieve the theoretical aspect, MATLAB code has been developed. The results showed that the maximum difference between the theoretical and experimental results regarding temperature and pressure refrigeration is around 5% and 3.4%, respectively. Also, the results depict that the inner diameter and the condenser temperature have an effect on the length of the capillary tube. However, the effect of the inner diameter is higher compared with the condenser temperature. In addition, an equation to predict the length of the capillary tube has been developed with an accuracy of 98%. This equation is created as a function of the capillary tube's diameter and the temperature of the condenser and the evaporator. Moreover, this equation can be used to predict the length of the capillary tube for small refrigeration devices, especially those operating under 10 KW. The findings of this study can help make a mathematical approach used for the design of the capillary tube simpler and easier to apply.
ABSTRACT This research, which is entitled: (The issue of faith according to Imam Al-Suyuti through his book Al-Hawi for Fatwas - Collection and Study -) is considered one of the researches that is concerned with the most important issue of the Islamic faith, which is the issue of faith, which was studied by one of the imams of the verifiers of the sunnis and the Group namely, Imam Al-Suyuti, and the researcher has studied through this research the personal and scientific life of Imam Al-Suyuti, then proceeded to explain the issue of faith in Imam Al-Suyuti, and the scholars’ disagreement in it, and clarifying the most correct ones, then he concluded with the most important results he reached through this research.
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