Parthenium hysterophorus is an invasive plant variety found in around 50 countries. Phenolic compounds in the P. hysterophorus leaves, HPLC analysis was carried out. In addition, methanolic extract of P. hysterophorus leaves was evaluated for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), DPPH free radical scavenging activity, and hemolytic activity. The leaves crude extract was orally administered to rabbits (n = 5) at four doses (10, 20, 40 and 80 mg kg -1 ) for 9 days and its effects on hematological and biochemical parameters were investigated. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 8.0 software. The HPLC data revealed the presence of Chlorogenic acid, Bis-HHDP-hex (pedunculagin), Morin, Ellagic acid, Rutin, Syringic acid, etc., which were detected at various retention times. Among these compounds, Ellagic acid was abundantly present with sample peak area of 9594.909 %. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents in the leaves extracts at a concentration of 80 μg were, 57.35 ± 4.12 μg GAE/μg and 39.44 ± 0.41 μg QE/μg. DPPH free radical scavenging activity was 72.82 % with IC50 value of 168 μg/μL at 80 μg of the extract. In the hemolysis assay, 200 μg of extract had highest cell inhibition of 76.90 % with IC50 >500. Significant (P<0.05) variation in the hematological and biochemical parameters was observed in the extract fed groups. It has been concluded that P. hysterophorus leaves extract had toxic effects on the hematological and biochemical parameters in rabbits which cause abnormal blood profile.
BACKGROUND: use of anxiolytics and anti-depressants is highly prevalent among general public andworking class. Use of these drugs is usually self medicated. Different psychosocial factors are involvedin starting use of anti-depressant drugs. Educated class has low level of knowledge about anti-depressantdrug use.OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence of the use of anti-depressants among teaching staff of theUniversity of Peshawar.MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted in university of Peshawar from Nov 2014 toApril 2015. 160 teachers were included in the study. Teachers were selected randomly.RESULTS: out of 160 teachers, 44 were anxiolytic users in which 30 were male and 14 were female.Most of the users were within age limit of 41-45 years. 26 were self medicated and 18 were using forsome therapeutic purpose.CONCLUSION: 27% of the teachers were antidepressant users. Most of the users were self medicated.KEY WORDS: Anti-depressant, Anxiolytics, University.
BACKGROUND: Exclusive breast feeding is defined as “ the infant is only receiving breast milkwithout any additional food or drink, not even water. This study was aimed to determine the prevalenceand factors associated with the promotion or decline of exclusive breast feeding up to six months.OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of breast feeding upto the age of 6 months in children aged7 to 24 months in Union Council Saidu Sharif Swat. To determine the factors associated with promotionor decline of breast feeding in Union Council Saidu Sharif Swat.MATERIAL & METHODS: This study was conducted in Union Council Saidu Sharif Swat. A total of548 mothers was included in the study. List of all household of Union Council Saidu Sharif, DistrictSwat was obtained from local census office. Families were randomly selected and data was taken fromall those members who mothers were having babies from the age of 7 to 24 month at the date ofinterview. Descriptive statistics in terms of percentages, frequencies and proportions for categoricalvariable using Chi square test. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression model was used to knowthe association between characteristics of the participants and exclusive breast feeding. Odds ratio, 95 %Cl and P-value was calculated using the SPSS version 20.RESULTS: Average age of mothers at the time of interview was 27.1 . Majority of the mothers (51%)belong to the age group from 23 to 35 years. The prevalence of exclusive breast feeding in arepresentative sample of union council Saidu Sharif Swat was 21.7%. Compared to those with noexclusive breast feeding, those who had exclusive breast feeding were more likely to be older, educated,unemployed, educated and employed husbands, less number of children, nuclear family, female child,more number of breast feeding (> 8), lower duration of each breast feeding and higher demand of breastfeeding in 24 hours, child has lesser duration of diarrhea and chest infection and low income. However,none of these factors were significantly associated with exclusive breast feeding on chi square,univariate and multivariate analysis (P > 0.05).CONCLUSION: In this study, the prevalence of exclusive breast feeding in Saidu Sharif Swat was less(22%) than the national level (38%). Furthermore, none of the determinants enquired in the study weresignificantly associated with exclusive breast feeding on chi square, univariate and multivariate logisticregression analysis. Breast feeding back-up programs by the government and partners should giveparticular consideration to those females who are not exercising exclusive breast feeding.KEY WORDS: Exclusive Breast Feeding, Maternal & Child Health, Primary Health Care
Indazolones possess interesting pharmacological activities. The search for indazole and indazolone-containing nuclei as drugs is an important research area of medicinal chemistry. The current work aims to evaluate a novel indazolone derivative against in vivo and in silico targets of pain, neuropathy, and inflammation. An indazolone derivative (ID) was synthesized and characterized using advanced spectroscopic techniques. Well-established animal models of abdominal constriction, hot plate, tail immersion, carrageenan paw edema, and Brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia were employed for evaluating the potential of the ID at different doses (20−60 mg kg −1 ). Nonselective GABA antagonists, opioid antagonist naloxone (NLX) and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), were employed to assess the potential role of GABAergic and opioidergic processes. The antineuropathic potential of the drug was evaluated using a vincristine-induced neuropathic pain model. In silico studies were performed to assess any possible interactions of the ID with pain target sites like cyclooxygenases (COX-I/II), GABA A , and opioid receptors. This study revealed that the selected ID (doses of 20−60 mg kg −1 ) efficiently hampered chemically and thermally induced nociceptive responses, producing significant anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects. These effects produced by the ID were dose-dependent (i.e., 20−60 mg kg −1 and p range of 0.001−0.01) and significant in comparison to standards (p < 0.001). Antagonistic studies with NLX (1.0 mg kg −1 ) and PTZ (15.0 mg kg −1 ) revealed the involvement of the opioidergic mechanism rather than the GABAergic mechanism. The ID showed promising anti-static allodynia effects as well. In silico studies revealed preferential binding interactions of the ID with cyclooxygenases (COX-I/II), GABA A , and opioid receptors. According to the results of the current investigation, the ID may serve in the future as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of pyrexia, chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain, and nociceptive inflammatory pain.
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