Gender stereotyping and gender role development is one of the debatable concerns to sociologists especially those who are interested in sociology of gender. This study attempts to investigate the role of family inculcating gender stereotyping in Pakhtun culture and its impact on gender role development conducted in public-sector universities of Malakand Division, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The data were collected through in-depth interview method using interview guide as a tool of data collection. A sample size of 24 respondents consisting male and female students and teachers (8 samples from each university through purposive sampling technique) was selected from three universities in the region, that is, University of Malakand, University of Swat, and Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sharingal (main campus). The collected information has been analyzed qualitatively where primary information has been linked with secondary data for further elaboration and attainment of grounded facts. The study reveals that gender stereotyping and gender role formation are sociocultural and relational constructs, which are developed and inculcated in the institutional network, social interaction, and social relationships especially in family. The study indicated that in family sphere, gender stereotyping and gender role formation are the outcome of gender socialization, differential familial environment, and parents' differential role with children. The study recommends that gender-balanced familial environment, adopting the strategy of gender mainstreaming and positive role of media, can overcome gender stereotyping and reduce its impacts on gender and social role formation.Keywords family, gender stereotyping, gender socialization, differential familial environment, gender role development, sociocultural and institutionalized mechanism Creative Commons CC BY: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License
This study investigates the consequences of Corona-virus (COVID-19) on the online business in Pakistan. COVID 19 changed the business world operations and procedures drastically. The new business norms evolved, and the human beings learned new practices for their behavior and business conduct. Developed nations like USA, UK, Italy suffered collapse of health care and economic activities. COVID-19 impacted all businesses including E-Business but the e-business is among few who got dual impact as most of the business activities are moving from physical to online that is e-business but due to the lock down e-businesses are not able to get the items on time. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and local business-es in Pakistan incurred huge losses due to the lock down and lack of facilities in developing countries like Pakistan. Some of the small-scale business permanently closed due to the COVID-19. E-Business also faces these terrible conditions in Pakistan due to the lack of government support and awareness. Many E-Commerce business imports product from China so that is the reason it is assumed that the Pakistani E-Business harshly effected by the COVID-19. This research survey shows that the COVID-19 has a negative impact on the e-Business in Pakistan.
This research focuses and examines the association among profitability of banks, along with bank specific and macroeconomic factors of Pakistan. With the help of financial data of thirty-two Pakistani banks over the period of 2011-2015. Pooled OLS (POLS)/Random Effect, Breusch and Pagan Lagrangian Multiplier Test for Random Effects estimations and Hausman Test for Fixed vs Random effects estimations used for further empirical analysis and interpretations. Further to explore the relationship of profitability indicator ROA along with Earning per Share (EPS), SIZE, Cash Equivalents, Spread Ratio and Capital Ratio as bank specific (banking/microeconomic indicators), while on the other hand Inflation, Interest Rate and GDP as external macroeconomic factors. Statistical results to this study established confirmation that EPS, SIZE, Capital Ratio and GDP have a significant impact on the ROA of banking sector in Pakistan. The calculated results of the study are of worthy to mutually academics and banking financial policy makers.
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