Level control of liquid in a tank or any similar container is widely used in applications such as chemical and oil industrial processes. Control the level at desired value is very important. This paper studies the performance of P, PI, and PID controllers in controlling the level of a liquid. Mass balance is used to find mathematical model of water tank level. Ziegler-Nichol (Z-N) and Cohen-Coon (C-C) tuning methods are used to evaluate parameters of the controllers. The error indices such as Integral Absolute Error (IAE) and Integral Squared Error (ISE) are used to compare between performances of the controllers. MATLAB is used to test the control system performance and compare the results with real values. Both simulation and experimental results show that liquid level system can be controlled effectively by using Z-N tuning method. The result shows that the PI controller gives better performance in comparison with P and PID controller.
In this study, the incipient wetness impregnation (IWI) method was used to prepare tin oxide nanoparticles supported on reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (SnO2/rGO). Characterize of catalyst composite were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Raman spectroscopy. The activity of the SnO2/rGO catalyst was evaluated in the catalytic oxidation process of dibenzothiophene (DBT) for modeled oil and diesel fuel in the presence of H2O2 as an oxidant. Optimum reaction conditions (the loading quantity of the tin oxide, the concentration of dibenzothiophene, the time of reaction, the temperature, the amount of oxidant, and the catalyst dosage) were investigated in a batch reactor. High-value of dibenzothiophene (DBT) removal from modeled oil samples was 79% at temperature = 60 ◦C, reaction time = 90 min, catalyst dosage = 0.04 g, amount of H2O2 = 0.375 mL, and 385 ppm concentration of dibenzothiophene. Catalyst activity at the same operating condition was also investigated for diesel fuel and the removal of sulfur was 41%
A novel AgO/ZnO/HY‐zeolite bimetallic nanocatalyst was designed and synthesized by an impregnation method. The purpose of this nanocatalyst was to remove dibenzothiophene as the primary sulfur content from a model light gasoil in a catalytic oxidative desulfurization (ODS) process. The characteristics of the synthesized nanocatalyst were determined by Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. The ODS study revealed high sulfur conversion under optimal ODS reaction conditions and very good reusability of the catalyst after recycling five times.
In this work, reduced graphene oxide was successfully synthesized from Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste in the catalytic reactor. The effects of the production variables such as temperature (375-450 C), weight of bentonite catalyst (1-4%), and holding time (15-60 min) were investigated. The physiochemical properties of reduced graphene oxide were determined by employing various analytical techniques, like X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Raman Spectroscopy. Taguchi method was used to investigate the effects of these factors on the production of reduced graphene oxide. Taguchi design methodology was used with an L16 orthogonal system to find the best operating conditions. The results of the experimental analysis showed that the most effective factors in each experimental design response were pyrolysis temperature and holding time. The best-conditions for reduced graphene oxide production from Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste were found to be as follows: pyrolysis temperature of 375 °C, the weight of bentonite catalyst 1%, and time of 15 min.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.