Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection may lead to a series of lesions in the cervix. Distributions of HPV genotypes reveal that an increased prevalence of high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) is positively correlated with the severity of cervical lesions. Furthermore, persistent infection of HR-HPV is associated with a risk of cervical cancer. Considering the newly approval of the HPV vaccine in China and the prevalence of HPV distribution, which is meaningful for directing efforts for HPV vaccination, a more detailed understanding of HPV distribution is critical. This study aimed to investigate the overall prevalence of HPV and the age-specific features related to HPV distribution in the Jiangsu population. Methods We collected a total of 62,317 cervical cytological specimens from Xuzhou, Nanjing and Suzhou, which represent the northern, middle and southern regions of Jiangsu Province, respectively. All these samples were assigned to 6 groups based on participant age. HPV genotypes tests were performed by using a commercial kit which is designed for the detection of 17 high-risk HPV genotypes and 6 low-risk HPV genotypes. Results The overall prevalence of HPV was up to 26.92% in Jiangsu Province. The most common high-risk genotype was HPV52 (5.09%), followed by HPV16, HPV58, HPV53, HPV51 and HPV68. The most prevalent low-risk genotype was HPV81 (2.70%), followed by HPV43, HPV42, HPV6, HPV11 and HPV83. Most infections were caused by HR-HPV, while single-genotype infection occurred more frequently than multiple-genotype infection. Regarding participant age, the overall infection rate of HPV was distributed in a U-shaped manner, with the highest peak in the younger than 20-year-old cohort. Additionally, significant variations were found between different cities, representing different regions of Jiangsu. Conclusions HPV prevalence is high in Jiangsu Province. The prevention of HPV-related diseases is challenging. Given the variation in HPV prevalence between ages groups and regions, a flexible HPV vaccination program, adjusted base on regional infection features, could have a beneficial effect in Jiangsu Province.

Complex chromosomal aberrations (CCA) can be detected in a substantial proportion of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which are associated with very poor prognosis. Conventional cytogenetics (CC) cannot accurately define the specific alterations in CCA. Multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH) allows the comprehensive identification of CCA. In this study, M-FISH was used in 16 patients with de novo MDS and 22 with AML with CCA detected by R-banding CC, and revealed 206 aberrations involved all 24 chromosomes, including 73 numerical chromosomal abnormalities and 133 structural abnormalities. The chromosomes most often involved were, by decreasing incidence, 5, 17, 8, 11, 7 and 21 in 57.9%, 55.3%, 44.7%, 36.8%, 34.2% and 34.2% of the cases, respectively. There were 98 unbalanced translocations, which were the most frequently observed aberrations in our study. Derivative chromosome 5 and 8 were implicated most often. The other derivatives were der(11), der(12), der(7), der(14), der(15) and der(17). Fourteen balanced translocations were detected in our series, and the most frequent reciprocal translocations was t(8;21). Fifty-five monosomies, 15 partial deletions, and 18 trisomies were found in all patients. The most frequently observed were -5/5q-, -17/17q-, -7, -18, -21, -19, and trisomy of chromosome 8 and 6. There were some abnormalities that have not been previously described, including two complex t(8;21) and seven unbalanced translocations. M-FISH could refine CCA, find or correct the missed or misidentified aberrations by CC analysis. Our findings confirmed that M-FISH was a powerful molecular cytogenetic tool to characterize complex karyotypes in MDS and AML.

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