Inbreeding depression and lack of genetic diversity in inbred mice could mask unappreciated causes of graft failure or remove barriers to tolerance induction. To test these possibilities, we performed heart transplantation between outbred or inbred mice. Unlike untreated inbred mice in which all allografts were rejected acutely (6–16 days post-transplantation), untreated outbred mice had heterogeneous outcomes, with grafts failing early (<4 days post-transplantation), acutely (6–24 days), or undergoing chronic rejection (>75 days). Blocking T cell costimulation induced long-term graft acceptance in both inbred and outbred mice, but did not prevent the early graft failure observed in the latter. Further investigation of this early phenotype established that it is dependent on the donor, and not the recipient, being outbred and that it is characterized by hemorrhagic necrosis and neutrophilic vasculitis in the graft without pre-formed, high titer anti-donor antibodies in the recipient. Complement or neutrophil depletion prevented early failure of outbred grafts, whereas transplanting CD73-deficient inbred hearts, which are highly susceptible to ischemia-reperfusion injury, recapitulated the early phenotype. Therefore, outbred mice could provide broader insight into donor and recipient determinants of allograft outcomes but their hybrid vigor and genetic diversity do not constitute a uniform barrier to tolerance induction.
Interconnected computing nodes in pervasive systems demand efficient management to ensure longevity and effectiveness. This is particularly true when we consider wireless sensor networks, for which we propose a new scheme for adaptive route management. There have been numerous studies that have looked at the routing of data in sensor networks with the sole intention of reducing communication power. However there has been comparatively less prior art in the area of semantic and multi-criteria based routing. We look at routing in sensor networks from these perspectives and propose an adaptive multi-criteria routing protocol in the context of wireless sensor networks. Our experimental results show that our approach consistently outperforms the leading multi-criteria algorithm in its class that considers query semantics, in terms of Network Lifetime, Network Coverage and the Survivability of Critical Nodes.
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