Five specimens of the black buck were autopsied, during the Academic Session 1961-62, by one of us (P.P.S.) to investigate its helminthic fauna and fourteen different forms recovered from various locations. The collection has an amphistomatous Trematode, one of the Anoplocephalid tapeworms of the genus Avitellina Gough, 1911, and the Nematodes are represented by four genera of Trichostrongyloids, two of Hookworms, one of the nodular worms, a pin-worm, a Trichurid and two Filariid genera. These have been studied from live specimens, stained and cleared preparations and sectioned material. The lesions, observed in some of these infestations, have likewise been studied from serially cut and stained sections and the main features of the pathogenic effects outlined. The present study is part of a research project to assess the incidence of the helminthic infestations amongst the wild Ruminants, particularly Cervidae, and to ascertain if the parasites were similar to or different from those of our domestic Ruminants. Helminth parasites of this host have been investigated, from countries abroad, by Kreis (1935), Rewell (1948), Sloan (1951) and Jansen (1959). The only reference on this aspect in this country is on a crossbred deer from which a new species of a hookworm, Bunostomum bhawanagarensis (Ramanujachari and Alwar, 1951), has been described, from the duodenum and jejeunum. TREMATODA On one occasion, the rumen yielded a large number of specimens belonging to the Amphistome genus Gastrothylax Poirier, 1883, in which the various species are now assigned to three distinct genera : Gastrothylax Poirier, 1883, Carmyerius Stiles and Goldberger, 1910 and Fischoederius Stiles and Goldberger, 1910, mainly on the position of the uterus and the two testes. The specimens on account of the male end duct lying laterally and opposite to the terminal region of the uterus which, in front of the middle of the body, crosses over to the opposite side and in the presence of a well-developed pars-musculosa belong to Gastrothylax and the species is identified as G. crumenifer (Creplin, 1847) which is so far known to occur in cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat. Its incidence in Indian antelope is thus a first report.
Eastern Himalaya, a part of the Himalaya biodiversity hotspot region has been assessed for its lichen diversity, based on the own collections, identifications, field observations and published literature. Out of ca 2540 species so far, known from India, 1047 species,1 sub species and 4 varieties distributed in 592 crustose, 321 foliose, 125 fruticose and 9 squamulose growth forms under 212 genera and 63 families, occurring as corticolous, saxicolous, terricolous, foliicolous, and muscicolous constitute c. 41.22 % of the total lichen diversity of the country. The lichen vegetation is recognized into four major types and discussed under (i) tropical lichen vegetation (ii) sub tropical lichen vegetation (iii) temperate lichen vegetation and (iv) subalpine and alpine lichen vegetation. A comparative statistics of diversity of species under dominant families and genera at India and Eastern Himalaya level is given. The region is also active centre of speciation and represented by 107 endemic species including many point endemics. It is pointed out that this rich diversity of lichens is under threat due to various biotic activities. Therefore, conservation measures concerning rich lichen diversity in brief are also discussed. It is also suggested that unexplored high altitude areas are required to be explored thoroughly for getting complete knowledge of the lichen diversity of the region and finally its utilization for the welfare of human beings.
In the same year Kashiwadani et al. (2012) described P. cambodiensis Kashiw. et al. from Cambodia (Fig. 1). Recently, Shi et al. (2015) reported P. cambodiensis and P. javanicus (Mont. & Bosch) Nyl. as new to China from southern Yunnan and considered P. tibellii (Fig. 2) as conspecific with Pyrgillus cambodiensis following the rule of priority (Art. 11.4; McNeill et al. 2012). Shi et al. (2015), however, ignored the chemistry of P. tibellii. We have examined the holotype of P. cambodiensis (Cambodia: Siem Reap Province, Western Prasat Top, Angkor Wats complex, Siem Reap, 13°26'N, 103°51'E, alt. c. 30 m, on bark of Dipterocarpus elatus, 24 November 2010, H. Kashiwadani 50508) borrowed from TNS Japan and found it clearly distinct from the type of P. tibellii (India: Arunachal Pradesh, Papumpare district, Sankei view, on bark, alt. c. 340 m, 12 January 1997, K. P. Singh 9616) housed at ASSAM in India. Pyrgillus tibellii, although similar to P. cambodiensis in morphology and anatomy (they both have 3-septate ascospores), is easily distinguished from the latter by its larger ascospores and the presence of lichexanthone (UV+ yellow) in the thallus. FIG. 1. Pyrgillus cambodiensis, habitus (holotype). Scale = 1 mm. In colour online.
Pyrgillus tibellii, a new lichen species, is described from India. It is characterized by mazaediate, perithecioid ascomata, an excipular margin with an orange reddish pruinose rim reacting K+ reddish violet, and large, 3-septate ascospores.
Graphis manipurensis and Graphis sirohiensis are described as new lichenized fungi from Manipur in the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot. Graphis manipurensis is characterized by its very short and unbranched lirellae (cleistomma-morph), entire labia, laterally carbonized excipulum, heavily inspersed hymenium, 1-spored asci with muriform ascospores and presence of norstictic acid. Graphis sirohiensis is characterized by its prominent lirellae (marginata-morph), entire labia, completely carbonized excipulum, heavily inspersed hymenium, 8-spored asci with submuriform to muriform ascospores and presence of norstictic acid.
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