Abstract:A large proportion of two parent households transition into single parent households upon marital disruption. Single parent households, especially female headed households face an increase in the risk of poverty. This study focuses on whether widow status in India influences the likelihood of household headship in India. This study is based on the most recent National Family Health Survey 1998-1999, in India. The population of interest includes all mothers aged 15 to 49 years, without a spouse, living with one or more of their own children under 18 years of age. We find that being a widow increases the likelihood of being a household head compared to the likelihood of household headship among the divorced and the separated in India. This study provides some evidence on the continuing social discrimination against widows in India. The implication of the findings are discussed. Résumé:Une grande proportion des ménages biparentaux se transforme en ménages monoparentaux après une séparation maritale. Les ménages monoparentaux, spécialement ceux qui sont dirigés par une femme, font face à un danger plus élevé de sombrer dans la pauvreté. Cette étude examine à quel point le fait d'être veuve influence la probabilité de se retrouver à la tête d'un ménage en Inde. Cette étude est basée sur le recensement sur la santé des familles de 1998-1999, le plus récent en Inde. La population d'intérêt comprend toutes les mères âgées de 15 à 49 ans, sans époux et qui vivent avec au moins un de leurs propres enfants de moins de 18 ans. Nous avons trouvé qu'en Inde, le fait d'être veuve augmente la probabilité qu'une femme se retrouve à la tête de son ménage en comparaison aux femmes divorcées ou séparées. Cette étude avance des preuves de cette discrimination sociale continue en Inde envers les veuves. Les implications de ces constatations sont discutées.
Background & objectives:Evidence-based planning has been the cornerstone of India's response to HIV/AIDS. Here we describe the process, method and tools used for generating the 2015 HIV estimates and provide a summary of the main results.Methods:Spectrum software supported by the UNAIDS was used to produce HIV estimates for India as a whole and its States/Union Territories. This tool takes into consideration the size and HIV prevalence of defined population groups and programme data to estimate HIV prevalence, incidence and mortality over time as well as treatment needs.Results:India's national adult prevalence of HIV was 0.26 per cent in 2015. Of the 2.1 million people living with HIV/AIDS, the largest numbers were in Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Karnataka. New HIV infections were an estimated 86,000 in 2015, reflecting a decline by around 32 per cent from 2007. The declining trend in incidence was mirrored in most States, though an increasing trend was detected in Assam, Chandigarh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Sikkim, Tripura and Uttar Pradesh. AIDS-related deaths were estimated to be 67,600 in 2015, reflecting a 54 per cent decline from 2007. There were variations in the rate and trend of decline across India for this indicator also.Interpretation & conclusions:While key indicators measured through Spectrum modelling confirm success of the National AIDS Control Programme, there is no room for complacency as rising incidence trends in some geographical areas and population pockets remain the cause of concern. Progress achieved so far in responding to HIV/AIDS needs to be sustained to end the HIV epidemic.
Context:In India, the HIV positivity among injecting drug users (IDUs) stands at a staggering 7.71%. Among the states, HIV positivity among IDUs is highest in Punjab and Delhi, 21.2% and 18.3%, respectively. Interestingly, these two states are near to the “Golden Crescent.”Aims:The aim of this study was to examine the similarities and differences between the IDUs in Punjab and Delhi, in the context of vulnerability to HIV.Settings and Design:This study uses data from the HIV Sentinel Surveillance-2010–2011 (HSS). The HSS is a cross-sectional data collection process for HIV surveillance in India. HSS, apart from collecting the blood samples from the respondents, also collects basic sociodemographic as well as some information on the drug use patterns of the IDUs.Data and Methods:The raw data from HSS 2010–2011 were used for this study. Bivariate and multivariate analyses performed to obtain the results.Results:Descriptive analyses revealed that the IDUs of Punjab and Delhi are very different from each other. In Delhi, 62.4% of IDUs inject drugs for more than 5 years; whereas in Punjab, it was only 32.4%. Majority of the Delhi IDUs (86.5%) inject more than three times a week whereas the corresponding percentage in Punjab was only 29.5%. The profiles of the HIV positives also differ between these two states.Conclusions:It would be prudent to adopt state-specific strategies to prevent the spread of HIV among the IDUs.
Survey was performed to assess the availability and use of different commercial grade aqua-medicines, drugs and chemicals in aquaculture activities in the selected key districts of four aquaculture dominant states of India viz., Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh. A total of 265 farms, 36 aqua shops, and 18 drug manufacturer units were surveyed and information collected.
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