The application of control systems in precision irrigation is critical to ensure the accurate distribution of water in crops under various uncertainties. Shifts in the loading of the water supply on the control valve can be a significant uncertainty. Changes in weather and the uncertainty of the water level in the reservoir are also challenging issues. Sliding Mode Control (SMC) is a robust control technique that is simple to apply to deal with uncertainty, while Fast Terminal Sliding Mode Control (FTSMC) has the benefit of the rapid convergence. The DC electric motor, which is a common component of electric control valves, can be employed in designing control techniques for precision irrigation applications. This study aims to design a proposed experimental-based method, namely FTSMC for valve regulation under water load uncertainty for precision irrigation application. Modification of the signum function should be used to eliminate the chattering effect in real experiments.The results of experiments showed that the proposed method was superior to the conventional Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) and traditional SMC techniques in terms of overshoot, convergence rate and error. Because of those reasons, the FTSMC approach should be implemented on control valves against load uncertainty in precision irrigation applications.
This research described the use of total communication learning model in enhancing the language capacity of deaf children. Conventionally, the learning model employed in teaching deaf children is based on sign language and this limit their ability to communicate with people that are not deaf. Furthermore, these children are marginalized from the society because of their inability to understand the language used for public communication and, consequently, there is a problem of communication between them and other people in the society. The research was conducted through the use of qualitative research method while data as collected through the use of observation, in-depth interview, and focus group discussion. The data collected was verified through the use of source triangulation and descriptive analysis. The research revealed that total communication learning model through the use of pictures, writings, and readings increases and enhances the language skill of deaf children. It was also discovered that the model helped these children to communicate verbally with other people in their community. Conclusively, the research showed that it is possible for deaf children to communicate with other people without relying on sign language only.
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