Objectives: To avoid the first-pass metabolism of the drug (lurasidone HCl) and further improving its contact time with the nasal mucosa, intranasal mucoadhesive microspheres were developed by using natural (chitosan) and synthetic (Eudragit L 100) polymers by spray-drying method. The study aims to enhance the systemic drug absorption via the nasal membrane and to further evaluate the effect of polymers on the drug release profile. Methodology: The microspheres of each polymer were prepared in three different ratios with one blank batch, where the effect of concentration of polymer was assessed with all six formulations with respect to change in particle size and entrapment efficiency. The prepared microspheres were assessed for the essential parameters such as particle size, production yield, entrapment efficiency and histopathological study. The excipients-drug substance compatibility was assessed and their associative behavior was comprehensively studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Results: The particle size analysis also revealed that all the formulations had particle size in the range of 10-15 μm which is suitable for intranasal administration. The optimized batch of chitosan microspheres (CH-2) and optimized batch of Eudragit L 100 microspheres (EU-1) formulations showed maximum drug loading of 68.3% and 74.9% whereas the cumulative drug release was found to be 76.36% and 80.18%, respectively. Conclusion: From the obtained results, it was concluded that the study showed a satisfactory attempt to formulate mucoadhesive microspheres with improved absorption rate and contact time of drug with nasal mucosa.
Cancer immunotherapy has advanced significantly in recent years. Nanocarriers like liposomes are able to improve cancer immunotherapy and even stronger immune responses by improving cell type-specific distribution. Liposomes are lipid bilayer vesicles that are biodegradable and biocompatible and are often used as smart delivery systems for both hydrophobic and hydrophilic bioactives. Whereas the idea of employing liposomes for administering drugs has been known since the 1960s, the early 2000s saw continuing technological advances and formulations for drug entrapment and manufacturing. Modern deterministic studies have tried to discover more of how genetic material is delivered through liposomes. Liposomes' interactions with cells are still a bit of mystery. Liposome-mediated transmission of genetic material experiences systemic impediments in accordance with lysosomal degradation, endosomal escape, and nuclear uptake. Controlling the physical architecture and chemical properties of liposome structures, such as lipid-to-DNA charge, ester bond composition, size, and ligand complexation structure, is critical for targeting liposomes' success as vehicles for gene delivery. This analysis focuses on advancements in ligand-targeted liposomes and theranostic(diagnostic) liposomes for cancer diagnosis and treatment. We will explore the numerous transgenes mechanisms and molecular targets that are implicated in cancer cell death in this review, as well as the associated benefits with using liposomal formulations over through the years. This sequence of breakthroughs will be of interest to aspiring researchers and the pharmaceutical industry involved in liposome development.
The Diclofenac Sodium is BCS class II drug which comes under the antipyretic class drug, and has a wide range of use. But due to its low solubility it has low dissolution rate and hence reduced bioavailability. There are several methods for the enhancement of solubility and dissolution rate. Pastillation technique is widely employed in chemical industry for solidification and better handling. Pastilles are solidified discrete units, acquired directly from the melt mass. However, this method of pastillation has not been explored for the drug delivery system yet. Literature revels that it can be used as a novel, effective and easiest method for the enhancement of solubility and dissolution rate. The selection of polymer was done by the solubility studies and Kolliphor HS 15 was used to make the pastilles of Diclofenac Sodium. Formation of pastilles were confirmed by FT-IR and further evaluated for % yield, drug contents, solubility study and dissolution test. From the results it was concluded that, solubility of Diclofenac Sodium was increased by pastillation method by 2-fold and dissolution rate was also enhanced by double than that of the drug. Thus, pastillation can be an effective and easiest method to enhance the solubility, dissolution rate and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs having good permeability. Keywords: Diclofenac Sodium, Pastillation, Kolliphor HS 15, Solubility enhancement, Solid dispersion.
Polymeric micelles are a promising method for drug delivery and drug targeting research. Polymeric micelles are nano-sized colloid particles that self-assemble from amphiphilic block co-polymers and they are more stable than surfactant micelles, and their inner core can solubilize large amounts of hydrophobic substances. In this article we have reviewed several aspects related to polymeric micelles like fundamental of polymeric micelles such as general feature, main properties, size, shape, structure analysis and chemistry of polymeric micelles, mechanism of micelles formation. The types of polymeric micelles also highlighted. Here, we have especially emphasized recent advancement of polymeric micelles application like treatment of cancer, treatment of Covid-19 and oral drug delivery, cutaneous drug delivery, polynucleotide delivery and delivery to brain by using polymeric micelles as a nanocarrier.
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