Doxorubicin is a chemotherapy drug which is very toxic and causes many side effects. To reduce side effects, doxorubicin can be encapsulated by apoferritin into apoferritin-doxorubicin (Apo-Dox) system. In this research, various mass of doxorubicin i.e. 0.17 mg (S1), 0.26 mg (S2), 0.35 mg (S3), and 0.52 mg (S4) were encapsulated with 21.50 mg apoferritin. Encapsulation process was carried out by lowering pH medium for apoferritin dis-assembly, doxorubicin addition and dialysis for gradual and controlled pH-increase of medium to support re-assembly of apoferritin and doxorubicin encapsulation. End-result samples were then centrifuged and washed to separate the unreacted doxorubicin and apoferritin's subunits. Doxorubicin encapsulation efficiency was determined using microplate reader spectrophotometry. The highest encapsulation capasity was 3.87 g dox/mg apo for S4 samples. Increasing the weight of doxorubicin gives more significant effect on increasing the reactive weight of apoferritin, which reached 93.73% (S4 sample). Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis confirm that apoferritin is in the Apo-Dox sample. A B S T R A K Doksorubisin merupakan obat kemoterapi yang sangat beracun dan menimbulkan berbagai efek samping. Salah satu upaya untuk mengurangi efek samping tersebut, doksorubisin dapat dibungkus menggunakan protein apoferritin menjadi Apoferritin-Doksorubisin (Apo-Dox). Dalam penelitian ini, doksorubisin dengan berat 0.17 mg (S1); 0.26 mg (S2); 0.35 mg (S3); dan 0.52 mg (S4) dienkapsulasi apoferritin dengan berat 21.50 mg. Proses enkapsulasi dilakukan dengan mengubah pH larutan melalui penambahan glisin asetat, basa tris, dan dialisis dalam tris asetat. Larutan di-centrifuge lalu dicuci untuk menghilangkan doksorubisin dan sub-unit apoferritin yang tidak bereaksi. Konsentrasi
Summary Static magnetic field (SMF) application in water electrolysis increases hydrogen production. However, the effect of the dynamic magnetic field (DMF) in water electrolysis is rarely studied. This study utilizes DMF to increase hydrogen production in water electrolysis. DMF was generated by rotating a plate‐shaped magnet. As a result, DMF produces 23.1 mL H2, which almost doubled the 12.1 mL H2 of SMF. DMF increases the chance of hydrogen formation by weakening the covalent bond, hydrogen bond, and increase the ion transfer mobility as a result of additional magnetic field strength. This phenomenon consistent with the Faraday's law where fluctuating magnetic field generates an electromotive force that increases electric current density. The high electric current density alters hydroxide ion mobility as the interchanging magnetic force field by DMF increases the ions collision chance. The additional magnetic force by DMF has aligned more water molecules than DMF. Consequently, more water molecule dipoles are exposed during electrolysis. Hence, DMF eases the water‐splitting process by shaking the water molecules, which continuously aligns the dipole and also energizes the water molecules. The energized water with higher kinetic energy is easier to split as the required ionization energy has reduced. This happens as the result of the spin‐pair magnetic energy conversion that is stimulated by external magnetic field. The increase in rotational speed of magnetic rods does not significantly increase hydrogen evolution reaction and lower the electrolysis efficiency. This indicates the presence of DMF is more important for water electrolysis performance than the rotational speed of DMF. Conclusively, DMF enhances hydrogen evolution reaction by an increase in water kinetic energy and increase in ion transfer chance through dipole exposition.
Among the renewable biomass fuel alternatives, microalgae are the most important future choices owing to its fast growth rate and great capability for CO2 fixation. There are various species in the world, in which each species has its characteristics. This work presents a prospect of marine microalgae Isochrysis galbana for renewable fuel feedstock regarding its biomass abundance, physicochemical properties, and thermal characteristic. The seawater medium in the Erlenmeyer flask was used for the algal culturing. The biomass abundance, in term of specific growth rate and doubling time, was assessed by calculating the culture medium cells number with a hemocytometer and optical microscope. Harvesting was done by precipitating biomass with caustic soda, subsequently filtering, and washing it with distilled water. The biomass sediment had been sun-dried for three days, and then dried biomass was crushed by using the mortar to be a powder. The proximate analysis was arranged by conducting an experiment in according to the test method of ASTM D 3173-11, ASTM D 3175-11, ASTM D 3172-13 and ASTM D 3174-12 for specifying the content of moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash of the sample, respectively. The heating value was estimated by using adiabatic bomb calorimeter. The chemical composition of biomass was determined by Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometry. The biomass cellular macromolecular compounds were also evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and compared with its residue. Through eight days observation, it was noticeable that Isochrysis galbana has a specific growth rate of 0.18 d-1 and a doubling time of 3.85 d. The respective moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash content were 12.98, 40.10, 7.47, and 39.45 (%, air-dried basis). The energy content algal biomass was 16.22 MJ kg-1. This current investigation encourages that Isochrysis galbana can be viable as one of a future sustainable solid biofuel feedstock.
The petroleum fuels reserves from fossils are getting smaller, even though petroleum consumption is increasing. Given the increasingly limited amount of fuel derived from fossils, it is necessary to do research to look for alternative fuels. Castor oil is one of the alternative plant oils that can replace petroleum fuels. Castor oil is a non-food crop which numbers is relatively many in Indonesia. But Castor oil has limitations on its combustion property, so combustion of Castor oil cannot produce energy that is as large as petroleum combustion. It is necessary to add catalysts to improve the combustion properties of Castor oil. In this study, the addition of Rhodium (III) Sulphate and Clove oil was performed to improve the Castor oil combustion properties. Addition of catalyst is intended to reduce dissociation energy requirements, so that the combustion reaction is faster. The addition of Rhodium (III) sulfate and Clove oil catalysts is 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm and 400 ppm. The results showed that the addition of catalysts affected the Castor oil combustion characteristics. The more addition of Rhodium (III) Sulfate catalysts and Clove oil can increase the combustion temperature value, reduce the ignition delay, burning rate, and flame dimensions. Rhodium (III) Sulphate is more effective in influencing the combustion characteristics of Castor oil compared to Clove oil catalysts because it has more magnetic field sources in one atom that disrupt the bonding of Castor oil compared to Cloveoil. The addition of a mixture of clove oil and Rhodium (III) sulfate in Castor oil causes lower combustion characteristics compared to the Rhodium (III) sulfate catalyst. However, the performance of its blend catalyst on the combustion characteristic was still preferable compared to clove oil alone
Tujuan penelitian adalah mendeskripsikan dampak atau pengaruh lain dari belajar tanpa tatap muka terhadap peningkatan pengetahuan siswa kelas VI pada SD Negeri Karangtengah IV. Pemahaman siswa dapat meningkat apabila siswa paham terhadap materi yang diberikan. Pembelajaran yang dilaksanakan terkait dengan model belajar tanpa tatap muka. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Data penelitian dijaring menggunakan observasi dan wawancara. Data dianalisis menggunakan teknik reduksi data, displai data, dan penarikan simpulan atau verifikasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembelajaran tanpa tatap muka (daring), sebagai akibat berlangsungnya pandemi covid 19 yang dirasakan sebagai penderitaan masyarakat dunia, di satu sisi, justru berdampak positif di sisi lain, yakni dapat meningkatkan pemahaman siswa atas ilmu pengetahuan. Pengetahuan siswa dapat meningkat karena siswa menjadi terlatih atau terampil menggunakan berbagai media pembelajaran, satu hal yang sulit terlaksana ketika pembelajaran selalu dilaksanakan secara tatap muka (luring). Kata Kunci: peningkatan pemahaman, ilmu pengetahuan, belajar tanpa tatap muka
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