Offensive and defensive aggression were distinguished on the basis of associated events. Behavior delivering noxious stimuli was defined as defensive when it was a response a threatening situation and as offensive when it was an unprovoked act. The existence of a general aggression factor was implied by the finding that initiators of aggression also readily defend themselves if attacked. The use of a peer nomination and teacher rating variable for offensive aggression, “Attacks without reason, teases others, naughty things”; and another for defensive aggression, “Defends him/herself if teased, but does not tease or attack others without reason,” yielded differential results. Offensive aggression at age 14 was significantly predicted by aggressive behavior age 8, while defensive aggression was not. Intercorrelations of rating variables at 14 showed that offensive aggression was related to weak self‐control and defensive aggression to strong self‐control. Only offensive aggression at age 14 predicted criminality at age 20. The results indicate a diversity of motivations for aggressive behaviors, as suggested by observations on animal behavior.

Junctional epidermolysis bullosa associated with pyloric atresia (EB-PA; OMIM 226730) is a rare autosomal recessively inherited disease in which mucocutaneous fragility is associated with gastrointestinal atresia. This disease is usually fatal within the first few weeks or months of life even following surgical correction of the intestinal obstruction. Recently, mutations in the genes encoding the epithelial integrin alpha6beta4 (ITGA6 and ITGB4) have been identified in several patients with EB-PA. We report two unrelated patients with this disease who have survived into early childhood with mild cutaneous involvement, in whom we have identified pathogenetic mutations in ITGB4. The first patient was a compound heterozygote for a splice site mutation in exon 30 (3793 + 1G-to-A) and a non-sense mutation in exon 36 (W1478X), and the second was a compound heterozygote for a missense mutation in exon 3 (C38R) and a 1 bp deletion in exon 36 (4776delG). Although the non-sense and deletion mutations are predicted to result in markedly reduced beta4 integrin mRNA levels, the presence of the missense or splice site mutation on the second allele may enable the synthesis of some functional, albeit perturbed, beta4 polypeptide. Determination of the molecular mechanisms in these two cases increases our understanding of EB-PA and may enable correlation between genotype and phenotype.

This article studies how accounting for the benefits of recreational fisheries affects the formation and stability of an international fisheries agreement (IFA) on the management of Baltic salmon stocks. The interaction between four countries is modelled through a partition function game, under two scenarios. In the first scenario, countries take their participation decision for the IFA based only on the net present value of profits from commercial fisheries. In the second scenario, the net present value of the recreational benefits from angling is also considered. The results show that accounting for recreational benefits leads to the formation of the grand coalition, whereas only partial cooperation occurs when payoffs are confined to profits from commercial fisheries.

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