Accounting for aroma production in different aromatic indica rice varieties based on variations in the levels of concerned metabolites and enzymes is poorly explored. The present investigation was, therefore, focused on unraveling the differential levels of metabolites and activities of enzymes related to aroma formation in eleven indigenous aromatic rice varieties, as compared with four non-aromatic varieties. The levels of metabolites such as proline (Pro) and Δ-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C), and the activity of related enzymes such as proline dehydrogenase (PDH), Δ-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS), and ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) were comparatively higher in the aromatic varieties, with Kalonunia and Tulaipanji registering the highest Pro, Kalonunia the highest P5C content, Gobindobhog with the highest PDH activity, Gobindobhog and Tulaipanji with the highest P5CS, and Pusa Basmati-1 with the highest OAT activity. The levels of putrescine (Put) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were comparatively lower in aromatic varieties, with concomitant higher diamine oxidase (DAO) activity, especially in the varieties Gobindobhog and Tulaipanji. The betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (BADH2) enzyme activity was remarkably lesser in aromatic varieties, especially Radhunipagal and Gobindobhog. Though the metabolites such as glycine-betaine and higher polyamines such as spermidine and spermine showed no specific trend with respect to their quantitative level in either aromatic or non-aromatic varieties, they were notably lower in the aromatic varieties such as Gobindobhog, Kalonunia, and Tulaipanji, indicating a possibility of their involvement in aroma formation. Therefore, the levels of metabolites such as Pro, P5C and methylglyoxal (MG), and the activity of enzymes such as PDH, P5CS, OAT, and DAO were comparatively higher in the aromatic rice varieties than the non-aromatic ones, whereas the levels of Put, GABA, and BADH2 were lower. Overall, the present study showed that there exist variations in the accumulations of such metabolites as well as differential activity of enzymes controlling their production, which altogether regulate generation of aroma in aromatic varieties.

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Chronic maxillary sinusitisis is one of the most frequent diseases presenting in ENT out patient department seeking medical attention^.<strong> </strong>Defects in the fontanelle region of the lateral nasal wall have been described as accessory ostia. The presence of AMO in both pre and post operated cases of chronic maxillary sinusitis can cause recirculation of mucus leading to recurrences. In the present study we will investigate the incidence of accessory ostia in patients with clinical and radiological signs of chronic maxillary sinusitis. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">The study included 100 patients visiting the out patient department of Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute selected according to inclusion criteria with a clinical diagnosis of chronic rhino sinusitis which was confirmed by high resolution CT scan and those patients were subjected to diagnostic nasal endoscopy under local anesthesia.  </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">The study group consisted of total 100 patients among whom 56 were male patients and 44 were female patients. Accessory maxillary ostia were detected in 23% of the cases and in rest of the 77% cases it was absent. Among the 23 cases in 35% cases accessory ostia were found to be bilateral and in 65% cases it was found to be unilateral. Among the cases where accessory ostia were seen, in 39% cases only accessory ostia were found. Where as in 17.39% cases it was associated with concha bullosa, in 65.2% cases there was deviated nasal septum and in 8.7% cases paradoxical middle turbinate were found to be present. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">To conclude, the present study revealed close association of accessory ostia with chronic maxillary rhino sinusitis. It was also found that majority of the cases accessory ostia were found to be unilateral and were frequently found in the posterior fontanelle region.</span></p>

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Amaranthus spinosus is a common vegetable of Bangladesh and well-known for its ethnomedicinal uses. In this study, we have evaluated the ability of powdered supplementation, methanol extract, and aqueous extract of A. spinosus in attenuating in high-carbohydrate-high-fat (HCHF) diet-induced obesity and associated metabolic disorders in female obese rates. Several parameters have been analyzed in this study including body weight, organ weight, fat deposition, glycemic status, lipid levels, hepatic and renal biomarkers, hepatic antioxidant status, and hepatosteatosis. All three samples of A. spinosus significantly reduced weight gain, organ weight, and abdominal fat deposition. Improved glucose tolerance and lipid parameters were seen in obese rats administered with A. spinosus powder, methanol extract, and aqueous extract. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and creatine kinase levels were normalized by the test samples. A. spinosus boosted hepatic antioxidant levels including reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Histopathology of liver tissue revealed increased fat infiltration and higher steatosis score in HCHF diet-fed obese rats which was brought down by A. spinosus. Analyzing all the results it can be concluded that this medicinal herb is beneficial in the management of obesity and obesity-induced metabolic disorders, making it a prospective food supplement.

INTRODUCTIONAllergic rhinitis is hypersensitivity of the nasal mucosa to allergens. It can be associated with hypersensitivity of the lower airways, atopic dermatitis and allergic conjunctivitis. Allergic rhinitis is becoming more common but still an underreported and under treated condition. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis is increasing with time. The worldwide prevalence of allergic rhinitis is about 10-30% in adults.1 Allergic rhinitis is a global health problem affecting social life, sleep, school and work with a significant economic impact. 2 The increase in allergic tendency is more probably because of decrease in rate of infections in childhood. 3The best treatment for allergic rhinitis is to find out the allergen and avoid it. Most of the time it is very difficult to identify the allergen. There exists a wide gap between knowledge, actual practice and the recommended practice leading to poor quality of life. Allergic rhinitis related knowledge includes understanding the cause, treatment options and prevention. A good attitude is reflected in a positive relationship with the doctor. 4 A good practice includes timely and appropriate management. 5Understanding the knowledge, attitude and practices of patients with allergic rhinitis will help us in treating the patients in a better way, thereby improving their quality of life.This study is aimed at identifying the knowledge, attitude and practice of the patient about allergic rhinitis and how knowledge and attitude reflects on their practices. METHODS Study place: Shri Sathya Sai Medical College andResearch Institute, Ammapettai, Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu. ABSTRACTBackground: Allergic rhinitis presents a global health problem. The lack of awareness about allergic rhinitis leads to poor adherence to management protocol. Methods: Our cross sectional study in 100 patients with allergic rhinitis was aimed at assessing the knowledge, attitude and practice about the disease. This was done using a questionnaire. Descriptive analysis was made in the three domains and expressed in percentage. Results: The knowledge about the cause and the treatment options was low. Most of the patients were worried about the long term side effects and dependence of the drugs used for treatment of allergic rhinitis. Most patients ignore the symptoms and do not seek medical advice. Conclusions: Improving the patient's knowledge and attitude through health education can improve practices among allergic rhinitis patients.

Liver diseases are quite prevalant in many densely populated countries, including Bangladesh. The liver and its hepatocytes are targeted by virus and microbes, as well as by chemical environmental toxicants, causing wide-spread disruption of metabolic fuctions of the human body, leading to death from end-stage liver diseases. The aim of this review is to systematically explore and record the potential of Bangladeshi ethnopharmacological plants to treat liver diseases with focus on their sources, constituents, and therapeutic uses, including mechanisms of actions (MoA). A literature survey was carried out using Pubmed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Scopus databases with articles reported until July, 2020. A total of 88 Bangladeshi hepatoprotective plants (BHPs) belonging to 47 families were listed in this review, including Euphorbiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Compositae families contained 20% of plants, while herbs were the most cited (51%) and leaves were the most consumed parts (23%) as surveyed. The effect of BHPs against different hepatotoxins was observed via upregulation of antioxidant systems and inhibition of lipid peroxidation which subsequently reduced the elevated liver biomarkers. Different active constituents, including phenolics, curcuminoids, cucurbitanes, terpenoids, fatty acids, carotenoids, and polysaccharides, have been reported from these plants. The hepatoameliorative effect of these constituents was mainly involved in the reduction of hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation through activation of Nrf2/HO-1 and inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathways. In summary, BHPs represent a valuable resource for hepatoprotective lead therapeutics which may offer new alternatives to treat liver diseases.