Health literacy (HL) sets on the ability and motivation of individuals to appraise, understand, access, and utilise information in ways that promote and maintain good health. Poorer health outcomes and incurs higher healthcare expenditures can be the cause of limited HL. Sabah public health facilities conducted a cross-sectional study between February and October 2020. A 12-item Short-Form Health Literacy Survey (HLS-SF12) comprising three domains (healthcare, disease prevention, and health promotion) was used to measure HL. The HL index score was categorised as ‘limited’ (0 – 33), ‘sufficient’ (>33 – 42), and ‘excellent’ (>42 – 50). Among 337 patients recruited, half were male (51%) with a mean age of 52.6 ± 12.3. The top 3 comorbid were hypertension (84.6%), dyslipidaemia (58.2%), and diabetes mellitus (47.8%). Health information was mainly accessed from television (84.6%), smartphones (75.1%), and radio (47.8%). The median HL index score was 31.94 (IQR 25 – 37.5), with 54.6% of patients having limited HL. The lowest median score was found in disease prevention, 11 (IQR 10 – 13) and 8 (IQR 7 – 9) when judging health information. The HL index was associated with age, educational level, household income, insurance ownership, and accessing health information with a smartphone or computer. In Sabah, the limited HL level observed the need to tailor interventional programmes to vulnerable groups. Digital platforms shouldbe enhanced in disseminating health-related information and educating the public on critical judgement skills.

Protein plays a significant role in nutritional support, especially for patients at intensive care unit (ICU) who commonly suffer from net loss of protein. ASPEN and ESPEN guidelines recommend a minimum protein of 1.2g/kg/day for ICU patients; Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) recommends 0.8g/ kg/day for chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 4 to 5. This study aimed to determine whether adequate protein was given to adult ICU patients and identify the factors for discrepancy in local settings. A crosssectional study including all adult ICU patients receiving parenteral nutrition (PN) in Hospital Queen Elizabeth (HQE) and HQE II was conducted from January 2018 to April 2019. Relevant information was obtained from patients' pharmacotherapy review forms. For patients receiving PN and enteral nutrition (EN) concurrently, protein from both sources was accounted for. Among the 52 patients, majority were male (n=41; 78.8%) with median age of 52 years old (IQR=34.5). Median duration of PN support was 6 days (IQR=6.3), and gastrointestinal perforation was the most common indication (n=11; 21.2%). All 45 non-CKD patients (86.5%) received minimum recommended protein of 1.2g/kg/day. Ten patients (19.2% out of 52) who received PN and EN concurrently received a higher average protein up to 1.5g/kg/day. Out of 7 patients (13.5%) with underlying CKD stage 4 to 5, two (3.8% of total 52 patients) received insufficient protein below 0.8g/kg/ day due to restriction of fluid (ROF). Majority of the patients received sufficient protein as per guidelines.In real-life practice, discrepancy may occur due to the fixed-content formulations of commercial PN bags.