TH17 cells enter tissues to facilitate pathogenic autoimmune responses, including multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the adhesion molecules involved in the unique migratory capacity of TH17 cells, into both inflamed and uninflamed tissues remain unclear. Herein, we characterize MCAM (CD146) as an adhesion molecule that defines human TH17 cells in the circulation; following in vitro restimulation of human memory T cells, nearly all of the capacity to secrete IL-17 is contained within the population of cells expressing MCAM. Furthermore, we identify the MCAM ligand as laminin 411, an isoform of laminin expressed within the vascular endothelial basement membranes under inflammatory as well as homeotstatic conditions. Purified MCAM-Fc binds to laminin 411 with an affinity of 27 nM, and recognizes vascular basement membranes in mouse and human tissue. MCAM-Fc binding was undetectable in tissue from mice with targeted deletion of laminin 411, indicating that laminin 411 is a major tissue ligand for MCAM. An anti-MCAM monoclonal antibody, selected for inhibition of laminin binding, as well as soluble MCAM-Fc, inhibited T cell adhesion to laminin 411 in vitro. When administered in vivo, the antibody reduced TH17 cell infiltration into the CNS and ameliorated disease in an animal model of MS. Our data suggest that MCAM and laminin 411 interact to facilitate TH17 cell entry into tissues and promote inflammation.
Purpose: Targeted therapeutics have significantly changed the outcome for patients diagnosed with cancer. Still, effective therapeutic intervention does not exist for many cancers and much remains to be done. The objective of this study was to identify novel genes that potentially regulate tumor growth, to target these gene products with monoclonal antibodies, and to examine the therapeutic potential of these antibodies. Experimental Design: Using cDNA microarray analysis, we identified genes overexpressed in several solid malignancies. We generated a mouse monoclonal antibody, 19.2.1, and its humanized counterpart, PDL192, to one such target, TweakR (TWEAK receptor, Fn14, TNFRSF12A, CD266), and characterized the antitumor activities in vitro and in mouse xenograft models. Results: Both 19.2.1 (mouse IgG2a) and PDL192 (human IgG1), like TWEAK, the natural ligand of TweakR, inhibited the growth of several TweakR-expressing cancer cell lines in anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent assays in vitro. Both antibodies showed significant antitumor activity in multiple mouse xenograft models. PDL192 and 19.2.1 also induced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of cancer cell lines in vitro. A chimeric version of 19.2.1 containing the mouse IgG1 Fc region (19.2.1×G1) exhibited significantly less ADCC than 19.2.1. However, 19.2.1×G1 showed differential activity in vivo, with activity equivalent to 19.2.1 in one model, but significantly less efficacy than 19.2.1 in a second model. These results indicate that PDL192 and 19.2.1 mediate their antitumor effects by signaling through TweakR, resulting in reduced tumor cell proliferation, and by ADCC. Clin Cancer Res; 16(2); 497–508
To define the sites in the extracellular domain of the human thyrotropin (TSH) receptor that are involved in TSH binding and signal transduction we constructed chimeric thyrotropin-luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin (TSH-LH/CG) receptors. The extracellular domain of the human TSH receptor was divided into five regions that were replaced, either singly or in various combinations, with homologous regions of the rat LH/CG receptor. The chimeric receptors were stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells.The data obtained suggest that the carboxyl region of the extracellular domain (amino acid residues 261418) and particularly the middle region (residues 171-260) play a role in signal transduction. The possibility is also raised of an interaction between the amino and carboxyl regions of the extracellular domain in the process of signal transduction. With respect to hormone binding, substitution of the entire extracellular domain of the LH/CG receptor for the corresponding region of the TSH receptor resulted in high-affinity human CG binding with complete loss of TSH binding. Surprisingly, however, there was at least one chimera with a substitution at each of the five domains that still retained high-affinity TSH binding. Substitution of residues 1-170 of the TSH receptor with the corresponding region of the LH/CG receptor was associated with the retention of high-affinity TSH binding but ligand specificity was lost in that TSH and human CG could interact functionally with the receptor. In summary, these studies suggest that the middle region and carboxyl half of the extracellular domain of the TSH receptor are involved in signal transduction and that the TSH-binding region is likely to span the entire extracellular domain, with multiple discontinuous contact sites. 902The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact.
To characterize the nature ofthyroid peroxidase (TPO) autoantibodies present in the sera of patients with autoimmune thyroid disease, we cloned three IgGl /kappa Fab fragments which bind 125I-TPO. This was accomplished by the molecular cloning and expression in bacteria of IgG gene fragments from B cells infiltrating the thyroid of a patient with Graves' disease. The three Fab fragments (SP2, SP4, and SP5) are coded for by a common heavy chain (VH1, D, JH3) and three related, but different, light chains (VK1, JK2). The SP Fab fragments bind specifically to TPO with high affinities (6 x 10-l"-2 X 10`' M) comparable to those of serum TPO autoantibodies. TPO autoantibodies represented by the SP Fab fragments are present in all 11 patients studied, constitute a high proportion (36-72%) of serum TPO autoantibodies in individual patients and interact with a conformational epitope on TPO. (J. Clin. Invest. 1992. 90:720-726.)
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