Purpose Public–private partnership (PPP) projects are increasingly significant in many countries. The purpose of this paper is to assess the impact of critical success factors (CSFs) on PPP projects and comprehensively consider the interrelations and interaction among dimensions and factors to achieve a better understanding of PPP project management. Design/methodology/approach An evaluation index system for PPP projects such as the presented case study is proposed based on a literature review and a survey. Then, interpretative structural modeling is used to transform the CSFs dimension into a multi-level hierarchical model to reflect the driven-dependency relation of each dimension; the fuzzy analytic network process model optimized by moment estimation theory is used to investigate the impact of CSFs by considering their internal impact. Findings Regarding the project used as the case study, the driving force and dependence for driving layer and dependent layer are determined. Moreover, in driving layer, efficient and well-structured payment mechanism is the most important CSF if considering the internship and interaction among CSFs, and efficient and well-structured payment mechanism and good governance provide most positive interaction; in dependent layer, population of beneficiaries is the most important CSF if considering the internship and interaction among CSFs, and public client’s satisfaction provides most positive interaction. Originality/value This paper developed an evaluation model to explore the interrelationships of dimensions and factors and then determine the impact of CSFs. The model propose in this paper relaxes the independence assumptions of traditional methods and is more in line with reality; besides, weighting method is optimized to obtain more objective and reasonable evaluation results. Through an empirical study, the validity of the model has been verified; therefore, the study can help project stakeholders better understand the CSFs and further improve project performance.
A μPCR system and its Electrochemical (EC) detection circuits are presented. The system consists of a μPCR chip packaged on a printed circuit board (PCB), peripheral signal read-out circuits and control circuits. The μPCR chip is realized with MEMStechnology contains an array of 3×4 reaction chamber. A microcontroller unit (MCU) is used in the control system to monitor the reaction procedure (PCR cycling) and handle the signal measurement. A Logarithmic Current Mode Amplifier (LGCMA) is proposed and realized as the EC signal amplification and I-V conversion. The test results shows that the obtained chip presents good Logarithmic DC characteristics within a current change from 1nA to 1μA and the corresponding output is from -4.43V to -3.52V. Thermal cycling experiment was carried to verified the control system, The results show that the variation of temperature is 0.1°C at the stable state. IntroductionPolymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification is an essential biochemical analysis technology which is widely used in immunology, molecular biology, disease diagnosis and genetic engineering and other fields. The Micro PCR (μPCR) system has the advantage of faster response, reducing reagent consumption, lower costs and lighter weight to be portable comparing with traditional PCR system. A lot of researches on realizations of μPCR systems have been carried out and significant progress have been achieved (1, 2). A portable μPCR ideally encompass steps from target DNA amplification to PCR products detection (3), which means the integration of a small size DNA analyzer and the on-chip PCR amplification is necessary. Many μPCR chips had been proposed but the integrated DNA detection is still a bottleneck. Conventional detection methods is usually capillary electro-phoretic separation of the PCR product (along with molecular weight markers), followed by laser-excited fluorescence detection (4), but this method is very difficult to be miniaturized. EC detection method is a promising technique for DNA detection (5) and presents inherent advantages to be easily integrated with the circuits. In this paper a μPCR system with peripheral signal read-out circuits and control circuits is presented. The system was realized in board level package. A LGCMA is proposed and realized for the EC signal amplification and readout. The out-put gate voltage as a logarithmic function of the input current is obtained with the MOSFET biased in its sub-threshold region. Taped-out chip and test results of LGCMA were obtained showing a good Logarithmic DC characteristics and high sensitivity. Thermal cycling experiment was carried out using the obtained μPCR system.
In this paper, the key aspects, such as thermal management, thermal stress analysis and management, processes development, failure analysis and reliability evaluation, in developing kW-level diode lasers for solid state laser pumping are studied. With the improvement of output power, lifetime, conversion efficiency and stability, high power diode lasers have found increased applications in material processing, medical and aesthetic, scientific research and display. Pumping of solid state lasers is one of the most important applications for diode lasers. The key criteria for diode laser pumping in solid state lasers are 1) efficient transport of pump power to the gain medium; 2) efficient absorption of pump radiation; 3) high uniformity of absorbed pump power density. Therefore, one should select diode laser pumping source with the right wavelength, narrow spectral width, proper beam distribution, and high reliability. kW-level diode lasers are used for pumping high power solid state lasers and they are made of multiple diode laser arrays (bars). They are typically in the form of a vertical stack, a horizontal array or an area array. The thermaL thermal stress and optical effects influence the performance of the kW-level diode lasers significantly. The fabrication process is rather complicated and the failure analysis is very important in achieving high reliability. In this paper, the key aspects, such as thermal management, thermal stress analysis and management, processes development, failure analysis and reliability evaluation, in developing kW level diode lasers for solid state laser pumping are studied. Thermal management of high power diode lasers is critical since the junction temperature rise originating from large heat fluxes strongly affects the device characteristics. Thermal modeling and analysis of kW-level diode lasers are presented. Thermal management techniques for reducing the junction temperature of the kW-level diode laser are proposed, including optimization of the packaging structure and materials.Thermal stress is one of the most critical problems in packaging of kW-level diode lasers, which can have significant effects on wavelength, spectrum, polarization and "smile" of the device. The thermal stress is mainly caused by the coefficients of the thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between the mounting substrate and laser bar. The formation of thermal stress in high power semiconductor laser is discussed, and approaches to reduce the thermal stress are proposed.The packaging process is important in developing high power diode lasers. Solder voids may be generated during the die bonding process, and becomes worse due to the electromigration of Indium solder at the high driving current. In additional, the beam quality of the laser is reduced sharply by the collimated beam pointing error caused during laser packaging process. Hence, the voids free bonding technology and beam control have been studied and implemented in the die bonding process.High reliability is one of the most important requirement...
The development of distributed generation will be affected by the policy, and become more market-oriented. The impact factors of the future layout are various. In order to accurately predict the future layout of distributed generation and guide the planning, this paper presents a layout prediction method for distributed generation by multi-weight optimization. The method takes different impact factors into consideration and use the historical data to determine the weights of the factors with optimization method. The method can predict distributed generation layout in the target year accurately. The case of the distributed photovoltaic development in Shandong shows that the central region will become the main development region.
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