Background/Aim: DNA polymerase delta 1 catalytic subunit (POLD1 or POLD1/p125) plays a crucial role in DNA synthesis and proofreading during the semiconservative genome replication. Mutations of POLD1 are associated with abnormal cell division in various human tumors. However, the significance of altered POLD1 expression in malignant diseases and its usefulness as a prognostic factor is not fully understood. This study aimed to determine POLD1 immunoexpression levels in paired sections of tumor and normal kidney derived from 56 patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and evaluate the significance of POLD1 protein as a potential prognostic factor in ccRCC. Materials and Methods: Tissue samples were collected from 56 patients (27 females and 29 males, mean age 62.6, range=27-83 years) who underwent nephrectomy due to ccRCC. Paired tissue samples were obtained from the tumor and unchanged part of the kidney. The expression of POLD1 protein was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Clinical and pathological data of patients were also collected. Patients were followed-up and the median time of observation period was 39.3 months. Results: The study revealed a significantly higher POLD1 nuclear expression in ccRCC tumor tissue samples and this was correlated with longer survival rates (better prognosis) of ccRCC patients. Conclusion: POLD1 immunoreactivity in ccRCC postoperative material could be helpful as a prognostic marker in the ccRCC patient group.
Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally, exceeded only by cardiovascular disease. Despite the introduction of several survival-prolonging treatment modalities, including targeted therapy and immunotherapy, the overall prognosis for the metastatic disease remains challenging. Therefore, the identification of new molecular biomarkers and therapeutic targets related to cancer diagnosis and prognosis is of paramount importance. DNA polymerase delta 1 (POLD1), a catalytic and proofreading subunit of the DNA polymerase δ complex, performs a crucial role in DNA replication and repair processes. Recently, germline and somatic mutations of the POLD1 gene have been acknowledged in several malignancies. Moreover, diversified POLD1 expression profiles have been reported in association with clinicopathological features in a variety of tumor types. With this review, we aim to summarize the current knowledge on the role of POLD1 in cancers. In addition, we discuss the future prospects and clinical applications of the assessment of POLD1 mutation and expression patterns in tumors.
Large intestine polyps are commonly found during colonoscopies. Pedunculated colon polyps can be totally removed using an endoscopic invasive technique. A problem arises when the pendulated polyp contains cancerous infiltration. The aim of the article was a presentation of the clinical decision process concerned with the presence of cancer invasion tissue within colorectal polyps. Review of literature source and presentation of histological sample photography. A correct interpretation of the pathomorphological protocol is crucial for the therapeutic decision, which should be consistent with the actual recommendations of gastroenterological societies. Local treatment is considered as complete when the adenocarcinoma is well or moderately differentiated without any microinvasion of blood and lymphatic vessels and the resection margin is more than 1 mm from the cancer tissue infiltration. In the contemporary clinical practice patients with a colon polyp require rational clinical decisions, which are based on the actual recommendations.
Aim of the studyLarge melanoma tumour caused arterial remodelling of the distal part of the great saphenous vein. The metastasis occurred at the site where inguinal lymphadenectomy was previously performed and the proximal part of the great saphenous vein was resected.The aim of this study is the presentation of such a rare observation and literature overview concerning melanoma metastasis and possible stimuli causing remodelling of veins.Material and methodsMacroscopic and microscopic analyses of the large blood vessel that supplies melanoma were made. The size and structure of the blood vessel was compared with the regular great saphenous vein.ResultsThe macroscopic examinations allowed us to ascertain that the blood vessel that was identified intraoperatively as the great saphenous vein, has a thick, stiff wall. The microscopic analysis allowed demonstrated that the tunica media was typical for a muscular artery morphology. The morphometric analysis revealed that the blood vessel wall in the area of metastatic tumour was much thicker than the wall of a regular great saphenous vein.ConclusionsThis malignant melanoma skin metastases caused the recanalisation of the great saphenous vein the lumen of which was obliterated during the initial surgical treatment. The metastatic tumour supplied by large blood vessels grew extensively and caused arterial remodelling of the venous wall.
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