Regenerative medicine is a dynamically developing field of human and veterinary medicine. The animal model was most commonly used for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) treatment in experimental and preclinical studies with a satisfactory therapeutic effect. Year by year, the need for alternative treatments in veterinary medicine is increasing, and other applications for promising MSCs and their biological derivatives are constantly being sought. There is also an increase in demand for other methods of treating disease states, of which the classical treatment methods did not bring the desired results. Cell therapy can be a realistic option for treating human and animal diseases in the near future and therefore additional research is needed to optimize cell origins, numbers, or application methods in order to standardize the treatment process and assess its effects. The aim of the following work was to summarize available knowledge about stem cells in veterinary medicine and their possible application in the treatment of chosen musculoskeletal disorders in dogs and horses.

Background In the literature, no studies describe the use of laparoscopic techniques for inguinal hernia repair in canine clinical patients. The surgical technique-Percutaneous Internal Ring Suturing (PIRS) presented in this article is the world's first minimally invasive laparoscopic surgical technique for inguinal canal closure in dogs. Aim The aim of the presented study is to evaluate the possibility of employment of the laparoscopic PIRS technique in clinical practice as well as to technically evaluate its usefulness in the treatment of the inguinal hernia in dogs. The presented study describes the procedure and the results of laparoscopic treatment of 11 inguinal hernias in nine dogs (two bilateral). Methods The whole procedure is performed under camera control introduced through one umbilical trocar. The very closure of the inner inguinal ring is done with the injection needle by a small puncture over the inguinal canal with the help of which the suture material is inserted, and the canal of the operated inguinal hernia is closed. Each operated dog underwent a thorough clinical examination before surgery which was combined with ultrasound examination of the inguinal canals before, immediately after and three months after surgery. Results There was no hernia recurrence in the study period in the operated dogs and all individuals returned to full mobility immediately after recovery from anesthesia. Conclusions Due to the low invasiveness and simplicity of performance, the PIRS technique described in the study should be taken into account when choosing a treatment method for non-traumatic

Applying antlerogenic stem cells, their homogenate or PRP increases the volume of connective tissue that surrounds and intertwines polyester CCL implant, separating it from synovial cavity environment.

Background Despite numerous experimental studies presenting laparoscopic treatment of inguinal hernia in a pig model so far no described technique has been used in clinical patients of this species. Minimal invasiveness and the simplicity of closure of the inguinal canal using the Percutaneous Internal Ring Suturing (PIRS) technique makes it the world’s first technique for laparoscopic treatment of inguinal hernia in pigs as clinical patients. Aim This study aims to assess the applicability and effectiveness of the laparoscopic PIRS technique in the treatment of inguinal hernia in pigs as clinical patients and to compare the PIRS technique with the open surgery technique, which is currently being used. Methods The study was conducted on 22 non-castrated male pigs with inguinal hernia (clinical patients), divided into two equal groups: PIRS and open surgery (OS). In the PIRS group, the inner inguinal ring was closed with an optical trocar inserted at the umbilicus level and an injection needle with a suture material inserted percutaneously over the inguinal canal. The suture material was threaded through the inner inguinal ring and then tied, leaving the knot under the skin. As a result to this the inguinal canal was closed. In the OS group the procedure was performed with open access above the inguinal canal where, after dissection of the vaginal processus and reducing the contents of the hernia to the abdominal cavity, it was ligated as close to the inguinal canal as possible, and the wound was then closed in layers. Results All operated pigs returned to full fitness immediately after recovery from anesthesia. There was one case of hernia recurrence in the PIRS group. In the OS group all the operated pigs had a temporary swelling of the postoperative wound and the scrotum on the side of the operated inguinal hernia, which was not found in the PIRS group. Conclusions The effectiveness of the PIRS technique is comparable to that of open surgery. Considering the simplicity of the PIRS procedure and its minimal invasiveness, this technique may be used as an alternative to the open technique in the treatment of inguinal hernias in pigs not subjected to surgical castration.

Background This paper presents the first described case of laparoscopy-assisted prepubic urethrostomy and laparoscopic resection of a tumor of the distal part of the urethra in a female dog as a palliative treatment. Case presentation An intact, 11 -year-old, mixed breed female dog, weighing 15 kg, was admitted with signs of urinary obstruction and difficulty with catheterization. Vaginal, rectal, and endoscopic examinations revealed a firm mass in the pelvic cavity at the level of the pelvic urethra. Ultrasound and computed tomography examination showed enlargement of the urethral wall (5.5 cm width and 3 cm thick), which was significantly restricting the patency of the urethra. The lesion affected only the distal part of the urethra without the presence of local or distant metastatic changes. The affected portion of the urethra was laparoscopically removed while performing pre-pubic urethrostomy with laparoscopy. The patient regained full consciousness immediately after the end of anesthesia, without signs of urinary incontinence. Histopathological examination of the removed urethra revealed an oncological margin only from the side of the bladder. In the period of 2.5 months after the procedure, the owner did not notice any symptoms that could indicate a postoperative recurrence, which was diagnosed three months after the procedure. Conclusions Pre-pubic urethrostomy can be successfully performed with the assistance of laparoscopy. The use of minimally invasive surgery will allow, in selected cases, removal of the urethral tumor, and in inoperable cases, to perform a minimally invasive palliative pre-pubic urethrostomy.

BackgroundWhile hyperthermic intraperitoneal (i.p) applications are highly efficient in treating peritoneal metastases (PM), they are currently limited to temperatures of 41 – 43° Celsius (C). First data on gas-based i.p. hyperthermia is promising, as this novel method allows a significant temperature rise in superficial peritoneal layers without increasing core temperatures. Until now, key mechanisms of this novel tool, e.g. thermodynamic energy transfer, have not been investigated. This study aims to explore the volume of thermodynamic energy transfer during gas-based i.p. hyperthermia at 48-50°C and its peritoneal effects.MethodsFor this study, three swine were subjected to gas-based i.p. hyperthermia at varying temperatures (48°, 49° and 50°C) in a diagnostic laparoscopy setting with a high-flow air stream. Temperatures of the i.p. cavity, in- and outflow airstream at the trocar were measured and the thermodynamic energy transfer was calculated. Tissue samples were collected on postoperative day 7 for histopathologic analyses.ResultsAccording to our data, temperatures within the intraabdominal cavity and at the outflow site remain relatively stable at < 40°C. An increase in thermodynamic energy transfer is observed with increasing applied temperatures. Gas-based i.p. hyperthermia induced capillary coagulation and white blood cell infiltration within peritoneal layers.ConclusionsGas-based i.p. hyperthermia is an innovative approach which enables the i.p. delivery of specific amounts of thermodynamic energy. Following this procedure, our data indicate remarkable histologic changes on the superficial peritoneal layer most likely attributable to the applied thermodynamic energy. Further studies are required to investigate how these findings can be applied in PM management.

BackgroundPeritoneal metastasis (PM) is an ongoing challenge in surgical oncology. Current therapeutic options, including intravenous and intraperitoneal (i.p.) chemotherapies display limited clinical efficacy, resulting in an overall poor prognosis in affected patients. Combined hyperthermia and dehydration induced by a high-flow, gas-based i.p. hyperthermic procedure could be a novel approach in PM treatment. Our study is the first to evaluate the therapeutic potential of i.p. dehydration, hyperthermia, as well as the combination of both mechanisms in an in-vivo setting.MethodsFor this study, three swine were subjected to diagnostic laparoscopy under a high-flow air stream at 48°, 49° and 50°Celsius (C). Hygrometry of the in- and outflow airstream was measured to calculate surface evaporation and i.p. dehydration. To analyze the effects of this concept, in vitro colon cancer cells (HT-29) were treated with hyperthermia and dehydration. Cytotoxicity and cell viability were measured at different time intervals. Additionally, structural changes of dehydrated cells were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy.ResultsAccording to our results, both dehydration and hyperthermia were cytotoxic to HT-29 cells. However, while dehydration reduced cell viability, hyperthermia did not. However, dehydration effects on cell viability were significantly increased when combined with hyperthermia (p<0.01).ConclusionsChanges to the physiological milieu of the peritoneal cavity could significantly reduce PM. Therefore, limited dehydration of the abdominal cavity might be a feasible, additional tool in PM treatment. Further studies are required to investigate dehydration effects and their applicability in PM management.

Background43°Celsius (C) is currently the highest temperature used in the treatment of peritoneal metastasis (PM). Despite sufficient data on water- based hyperthermic solutions in PM treatment, there is currently no information on gas-based hyperthermia extending beyond 43°C. This study is the first to provide in-vivo data on different organ systems during and after intraperitoneal gas-based hyperthermia beyond 43°C. The aim of this study is to explore in-vivo feasibility, safety, and efficacy of this novel concept from a biological perspective.MethodsFor this study, three swine were subjected to laparoscopy and subsequent gas-based intraperitoneal hyperthermia at 48°, 49° and 50°C under a high-flow air stream. Intraoperative data from multiple temperature sensors were analysed. Additionally, intraoperative anaesthesiologic and gasometrical data was analysed. Postoperatively, swine were monitored for one week and laboratory work-up was performed on postoperative days 1, 3 and 7.ResultsDuring gas-based intraperitoneal hyperthermia, anesthesiologic parameters did not exhibit critical values. No intra- or postoperative complications were observed. Distinct temperature measurements on the skin, cystohepatic triangle and esophagus did not display any temperature increase. Postoperative laboratory workup did not show any changes in hemoglobin, white blood cell count, platelets, or kidney function.DiscussionBased on our data, there are no safety concerns for the application of gas-based hyperthermia between 48 - 50°C. In fact, no critical systemic temperature increase was observed. With respect to possible limitations, further in-vivo studies are required to evaluate whether gas-based intraperitoneal hyperthermia may be a therapeutic option for PM patients.