Abstract-In this letter, we study the performance of Network Coding (NC)-aided cooperative communications in large scale networks, where the relays are able to harvest energy emitted by wireless transmissions. In particular, we derive theoretical expressions for key network performance metrics, i.e., the probability of successful data exchange and the network lifetime gain. The proposed analytical expressions are verified via extensive Monte Carlo simulations, demonstrating the potential benefits of the energy harvested by the wireless transmissions.
Abstract-As large-scale dense and often randomly deployed wireless sensor networks (WSNs) become widespread, local information exchange between co-located sets of nodes may play a significant role in handling the excessive traffic volume. Moreover, to account for the limited life-span of the wireless devices, harvesting the energy of the network transmissions provides significant benefits to the lifetime of such networks. In this paper, we study the performance of communication in dense networks with wireless energy harvesting (WEH)-enabled sensor nodes. In particular, we examine two different communication scenarios (direct and cooperative) for data exchange and we provide theoretical expressions for the probability of successful communication. Then, considering the importance of lifetime in WSNs, we employ state-of-the-art WEH techniques and realistic energy converters, quantifying the potential energy gains that can be achieved in the network. Our analytical derivations, which are validated by extensive Monte-Carlo simulations, highlight the importance of WEH in dense networks and identify the trade-offs between the direct and cooperative communication scenarios.
The upcoming fifth generation (5G) of mobile communications urge software defined networks (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV) to join forces with the multiaccess edge computing (MEC) cause. Thus, reduced latency and increased capacity at the edge of the network can be achieved, to satisfy the requirements of the internet of things (IoT) ecosystem. If not properly orchestrated, the flexibility of the virtual network functions (VNFs) incorporation, in terms of deployment and lifecycle management, may cause serious issues in the NFV scheme. As the service level agreements (SLAs) of the 5G applications compete in an environment with traffic variations and VNF placement options with diverse computing or networking resources, an online placement approach is needed. In this paper, we discuss the VNF lifecycle management challenges that arise from such heterogeneous architecture, in terms of VNF onboarding and scheduling. In particular, we enhance the intelligence of the NFV orchestrator (NFVO) by providing i) a latency-based embedding mechanism, where the VNFs are initially allocated to the appropriate tier, and ii) an online scheduling algorithm, where the VNFs are instantiated, scaled, migrated and destroyed based on the actual traffic. Finally, we design and implement a MEC-enabled 5G platform to evaluate our proposed mechanisms in real-life scenarios. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed scheme maximizes the number of served users in the system by taking advantage of the online allocation of edge and core resources, without violating the application SLAs.
As industries are under pressure for shorter business and product lifecycles, there is an extensive effort from the research community for novel and profitable automation processes. This effort has given rise to the 5G Tactile Internet, which is characterized by extremely low latency communication in combination with high availability, reliability and security. In this paper, we discuss the key technologies to support the Tactile Internet characteristics in industrial environments and, then, we showcase the implementation of a novel 5G NFV-enabled experimental platform. Given that ultra-reliable low-latency communications is crucial for the manufacturing process, we demonstrate that, in our setup, sub-millisecond end-to-end communication is attainable, proving the suitability of our platform for tactile Internet industrial applications.
Wireless medium access control (MAC) and routing protocols are fundamental building blocks of the Internet of Things (IoT). As new IoT networking standards are being proposed and different existing solutions patched, evaluating the end-toend performance of the network becomes challenging. Specific solutions designed to be beneficial, when stacked may have detrimental effects on the overall network performance. In this paper, an analysis of MAC and routing protocols for IoT is provided with focus on the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC and the IETF RPL standards. It is shown that existing routing metrics do not account for the complex interactions between MAC and routing, and thus novel metrics are proposed. This enables a protocol selection mechanism for selecting the routing option and adapting the MAC parameters, given specific performance constraints. Extensive analytical and experimental results show that the behavior of the MAC protocol can hurt the performance of the routing protocol and vice versa, unless these two are carefully optimized together by the proposed method. (P.-V. Mekikis), carlofi@kth.se (C. Fischione) 1 P. Mekikis was with the School of Electrical Engineering, KTH, when contributing to this work.
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