The valorization of onion (Allium cepa) solid wastes, a 450,000 tonnes/year waste in Europe, by a green extraction method is presented. Polyphenols of onion solid wastes were extracted using eco-friendly solvents, such as water and glycerol. The 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin was also used as a co-solvent for the augmentation of the extraction yield. The process has been optimized by implementing a central composite face centered design of experiments, with two replicates in the central point, taking into consideration the following independent variables: glycerol concentration, cyclodextrin concentration and temperature. The assessment of the extraction model was based on two responses: the total pigment yield and the antiradical capacity. LC-MS analysis was also employed in order to identify polyphenols and colourants of the obtained extracts. The main polyphenols found were quercetin and quercetin derivatives and the main colourant was cyanidin 3-O-glucoside. The extract was also tested as a food colourant in a yoghurt matrix. The onion leaf extract was found to be a stable natural colourant and could be utilized as an alternative ingredient to synthetic coloring agents. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The paper econometrically isolates the long-run trends from both the autonomous components and the principle medium-term deviations from the trend in the 28 EU member-states by achieving a high level of model fitness while preserving degrees of freedom. Findings: Despite operating in the same legal-competition-funding-export framework, on average, EU businesses exhibit diverse development and performance trends from one member-state to another (within sectors) and from one sector to the other (in the same state), especially in terms of numbers and sizes. However, in most member-states, on average, they exhibit upward productivity in manufacture; and in a good number of states (not necessarily the same states) they exhibit upward labor productivity trends in mining-quarrying and upward (downward) production value trends in manufacture (mining-quarrying).
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