BACKGROUND Paediatric dry eye disease is a major health concern. VDT's like laptops, tablets and smart phones are very commonly in use in children. Our study was done to evaluate percentage of DED in children and to evaluate association between VDT use and DED in children. METHODS A cross sectional study was conducted in ophthalmology OPD of a tertiary eye care centre for a duration of one year. All children between 6-16 years of age were included. Exclusion criteria included any ocular surgery in past 6 months or any acute ocular infections, extensive corneal or conjunctival pathology or eyelid pathologies. RESULTS The rate of Dry Eye Disease (DED) found in our study was 11.03%. The daily duration of smartphone use, and total daily duration of VDT use were associated with increased association of dry eye disease. 290 children in all were examined, out of which, 32 had dry eyes. 88 children were excluded according to exclusion criteria. 32 children had Dry Eye Disease and 170 children were taken as non DED group. 97 were males (48.02%) and 105 were females (51.98%) out of 202 children included in the study. There were 17 girls (53.12%) in the dry eye disease group and 78 girls (45.88%) in the non DED group. Smart phone usage per day in DED group was 3.15±0.97 hours while in non DED group it was 0.64±0.69 hours. Computer usage per day was 1.10 ± 0.53 hrs. in DED group and 0.66±0.34 hrs in non DED group. Hours used in watching television per day were 1.17±0.56 hours in DED group and 1.01±0.40 hrs in non DED group. CONCLUSIONS There is a strong association between VDT use and dry eye disease in paediatric population. Smart phone usage amongst children should be minimized.
Background: An ideal anesthetic solution should provide good anesthesia and akinesia with minimal pain on injection. Aims: The aim of this study is to determine the effect on pain perception and efficacy of sodium bicarbonate over hyaluronidase in the local anesthetic mixture during peribulbar anesthesia. Settings and Design: A prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Materials and Methods: An independent observer labeled two injections as A (hyaluronidase 1500 IU in 30 mL of lignocaine) and B (7.5% sodium bicarbonate 1 mL in 30 mL of lignocaine). Group 1 was injected with injection A while Group 2 was injected with injection B. The visual analog scale (VAS) was used to determine the intensity of pain. Onset and degree of anesthesia and akinesia were recorded. Statistical Analysis: Computer software Microsoft Excel SPSS version 26 (Chicago Inc) for windows was used. The qualitative data and quantitative data were reported as proportions and mean ± (standard deviation), respectively. Chi-square test for proportions was used for the comparison of qualitative variables and unpaired Student's t -test was used to test the significance between quantitative variables. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All P were two-tailed. Results: Out of 123 patients, 23 were excluded from the study. Hundred patients were divided into Group 1 and Group 2. The mean age in Group 1 was 64.92 ± 10.77 years while in Group 2 was 62.86 ± 11.17 years. The mean heart rate and mean systolic blood pressure in both groups were statistically insignificant. Group 2 experienced very less pain (mean pain score VAS = 5.12 ± 1.17) as compared to Group 1 (mean pain score was 7.16 ± 1.09) and the difference between both the groups was found to be statistically significant. There was a significant difference in the onset of anesthesia in both groups ( P = 0.001). In the sodium bicarbonate group, the onset was faster. The onset of akinesia was better in Group 1 (4.76 ± 2.06 min). Grading of akinesia was better in Group 1. Conclusion: Sodium bicarbonate reduces pain on injection in peribulbar anesthesia and also results in a quicker onset of anesthesia.
Introduction: Worldwide refractive error remains one of the most common causes of visual impairment in children. Uncorrected refractive error can lead to long term effect on acadaemic progression and employment opportunities. The study was conducted in remote area of district of Kathua, Jammu, India. Aim: To estimate type of refractive error among children and its association with demographic characters. Materials and Methods: The descriptive, cross-sectional, observational, hospital-based study was carried out in Out Patient Department (OPD) of Ophthalmology, Government Medical College, Kathua. The study of population included 351 children of age 5-16 years with complaint of diminution of vision. Examination included visual acuity recording, slit lamp, fundus examination and dilated retinoscopy. Inferential statistics was calculated using Open Epi version 3.01. Results: Out of 1582 children, 351(22.18%) children had refractive error. Their mean age was 12.52±2.87 years. The refractive errors were more common in the age group 13-16 years (61.5%), followed by 9-12 years (29.9%), and 5-8 years (8.51%). Refractive errors were more in males (56.12%) as compared to females (43.87%); 247(70.37%) children had refractive error in both the eyes, whereas 104(29.6%) had it in one eye. Astigmatism was most common (50.14%) followed by myopia (40.45%), hypermetropia (7.4%) and amblyopia (1.99%). Maximum astigmatism was seen in 13-16 years (56.25%) followed by 9-12 years (34.09%) and least in 5-8 years (9.65%). Conclusion: A high percentage of refractive errors in the study indicate that school health services should be strengthened and implemented effectively
BACKGROUNDThe proportion of paediatric ocular injuries as a cause of blindness has got a definite role to play in a developing country like India where poverty, illiteracy, lack of medical facilities, etc. are additional factors. The burden of eye trauma on societies is well documented. The aim of this study is to evaluate the scenario of paediatric ocular injuries.
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