The study participants exhibited poor knowledge and attitude towards their child's oral heath which was leading to the adoption of poor oral health practices by these mothers. Thus, to improve the oral health of children, appropriate practices and measures should be promoted among their parents/guardians.

ObjectiveDengue infection is a rapidly spreading vector-borne disease and is endemic in the Indian subcontinent. It has varied manifestations ranging from subclinical infection to severe fatal shock syndrome. This study aimed to estimate cytokine level in dengue patients and correlate them with dengue severity.MethodsCases of dengue fever diagnosed in the department of medicine of our institute from July 2015 to November 2016 were included in the study. The clinical features, biochemical, hematological and radiological parameters along with cytokine levels (Interferon-gamma, Interleukin-6, and Tumour Necrosis Factor-alpha) were recorded in all patients.ResultsOut of 80 confirmed cases of dengue included in the study, 50 had nonsevere dengue (Group 1), and 30 patients had severe dengue (Group 2). The median level of serum TNF-α in group 2 (62.5 pg/mL) was significantly higher than the median level in group 1 (20 pg/mL), (p=0.043). Similarly, the median level of serum IFN-γ in group 2 (10.25 pg/mL) was significantly higher than the median level in group 1 (8.5 pg/mL), (p=0.002). The median level of IL-6 was also higher in group 2 (29 pg/ml) as compared group 1(14.2 pg/ml), but this result was not significant (p>0.05).ConclusionSome cytokines may play a role in the pathogenesis of severe manifestations of dengue.

Multiple factors have led to an increased incidence of hepatobiliary disease across the continents, and with it we witness an increased number of patients, who report for surgery for a hepatobiliary disease, e.g. hepatic lobectomy, cholecystectomy, corrective surgery on bile ducts and even liver transplantation, or they report for surgery for an unrelated disease but with a concurrent hepatobiliary disease. These patients require special considerations during perioperative period. Please select the one best option in each of the following questions.

With a growing population of old people and the changes in the life style have increased the frequency of the anesthesiologist’s encounters with surgical patients who have ischemic heart disease as a comorbid condition. Here are some questions related to ischemic heart disease.

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