A series of CaWO 4 :3Eu 3+ :xBi 3+ (x = 2, 5, 7 and 10 at.%) nanophosphors was prepared through the efficient low-temperature ethylene glycol route. Their structural, as well as photophysical, properties were studied. X-ray diffraction analysis and a X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy survey confirmed that the Bi 3+ and Eu 3+ ions incorporated perfectly into Ca 2+ and without disturbing the lattice. The samples exhibited almost spherical morphology with average particle sizes from 10 to 30 nm. For the nanoparticles, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy featured broad absorption bands around 871 and 778 cm −1 that were due to antisymmetric stretching, whereas a peak at 435 cm −1 was assigned to antisymmetric bending vibrations of the bonds in [WO 4 2− ] clusters. The nanophosphors showed orange-red luminescence, which was further tuned to red by incorporation of sensitizer Bi 3+ ions. This colour tuning of the nanoparticles is described in the context of energy transfer from the WO 4 2− group to sensitizer Bi 3+ and activator Eu 3+ ions under 394 nm excitation. A CIE diagram supports this colour tunability.
A field experiment was redacted at Instructional Farm, BCKV, West Bengal, India during kharif (rainy) season of 2018 to evaluate the efficacy of seaweed extracts on growth, yield and economics of rice. The experiment was framed in RBD comprising 7 treatments (T1-100% RDF, T2 -100% RDF + Biozyme granule @15 kg/ha, T3 -100% RDF +Amaze-x granule @ 10 kg/ha, T4 -75% RDF + Biozyme granule @ 15kg/ha, T5 -75% RDF +Amaze-x granule @ 10 kg/ha, T6 -75% RDF + Biozyme granule @ 15 kg/ha + Proventus DS legacy spray @ 625ml/ha, T7 -75% RDF +Amaze-x granule @10 kg/ha + Proventus DS legacy spray @ 625ml/ha), replicated thrice. Experimental findings revealed that highest growth and yield attributes of rice were observed under application of 75% RDF +Amaze-x granule @ 10 kg/ha + Proventus DS legacy spray @ 625 ml/ha (T7). Maximum grain (3.90 t/ha) and straw (5.94 t/ha) yields of rice and high nutrient uptake (N: 91.45 kg/ha, P2O5: 11.49 kg/ha and K2O: 190.74 kg/ha) were also ensured under treatment T7. However, 75% RDF + Biozyme granule @ 15 kg/ha + Proventus DS legacy spray @ 625ml/ha (T6) remained as second best option after T7. Further, high economic viability was exhibited by both the treatment T6 (BCR: 1.59) and T7 (BCR: 1.58). Therefore, application of 75% RDF and Proventus DS legacy spray @ 625ml/ha along with either Biozyme granule @ 15 kg/ha or Amaze-x granule @ 10 kg/ha can be recommended for achieving best growth, yield and economics of kharif rice.
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