Objective:The objective of the present investigation was formulation, optimization and characterization of mucoadhesive film of clotrimazole (CT) which is patient-convenient and provides an effective alternative for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. CT is an antimycotic drug applied locally for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis.Materials and Methods:Mucoadhesive vaginal films were prepared by solvent casting technique using hydroxyl propylcellulose and sodium alginate as polymers. Propylene glycol and polyethylene glycol-400 were evaluated as plasticizers. The mucoadhesive vaginal films were evaluated for percentage elongation, tensile strength, folding endurance, drug content, in vitro disintegration time, in vitro dissolution study, swelling index, bioadhesive strength, and diffusion study.Results:Among various permeation enhancers used, isopropyl myristate was found to be suitable. To evaluate the role of the concentration of permeation enhancer and concentration of polymers in the optimization of mucoadhesive vaginal film, 32 full factorial design was employed. Optimized batch showed in vitro disintegration time, 18 min; drug content, 99.83%; and tensile strength, 502.1 g/mm2. In vitro diffusion study showed that 77% drug diffusion occurred in 6 h. This batch was further evaluated by scanning electron microscopy indicating uniformity of the film. In vitro Lactobacillus inhibition and in vitro antifungal activity of optimized batch showed an inhibitory effect against Candida albicans and no effect on Lactobacillus, which is a normal component of vaginal flora.Conclusion:Mucoadhesive vaginal film of CT is an effective dosage form for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis.
The rate of anaerobic digestion (AD) often depends on the rate-limiting hydrolysis step that makes organics available to microorganisms. To achieve efficient conversion of particulates to soluble materials and finally methane, the biomass in the digester must be provided with optimal operational conditions that will allow for biomass retention and substrate metabolism. Two approaches were employed in this study to improve the ultimate biodegradability of waste activated sludge (WAS) -Pre-treatment (PT) and operation using an Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR).PT of WAS is one way of speeding up hydrolysis. It has been proposed that PT leads to the lysis of cells, which in turn causes the release and solubilisation, and thus availability of intracellular matter to microorganisms for microbial growth and metabolic activities. This study compared the effect of thermal, sonication, and sonication + hydrogen peroxide PT on chemical oxygen demand (COD) solubilisation of WAS. Based on the soluble COD (SCOD) release, it was concluded that combined chemi-sonic treatment resulted in better WAS degradation rather than individual ultrasonic pre-treatment and thermal PT. The highest solubilisation rate was observed at a chemi-sonic PT of 50gH 2 O 2 /kgTS and sonication duration of 60 minutes. At this PT, a COD solubilisation of 40% was observed which was significantly different than PT involving only sonication and no pre-treatment (0.88%) at 95% confidence. Therefore a peroxide-sonic PT was chosen to treat WAS in this study as it was expected to result in the greatest improvement in WAS biodegradability.In addition to PT, biodegradability of WAS can also be improved by coupling PT with an AnMBR. AnMBRs prevent biomass washout by decoupling the solids retention time (SRT) from the hydraulic retention time (HRT). Thus, a long SRT can be used to provide sufficient duration for biological activities without increasing the volume of the reactor. In this study, a 4.5L AnMBR with an HRT and SRT of 3 and 20 days, respectively was used to treat raw and PT WAS. In order to compare the biodegradability of PT and raw WAS, the AnMBR was operated in three phases. Phase 1 was operated with raw WAS, Phase 2 was operated with WAS pretreated with 50 gH 2 O 2 /kgTS and 20 minutes ultrasound (US), and Phase 3 was operated with WAS pre-treated with 50 gH 2 O 2 /kgTS and 60 minutes US. The anaerobic biodegradability of WAS following a combination of ultrasonic pre-treatment and H 2 O 2 addition was significantly improved, with Phase 3 resulting in the greatest improvement. The COD destruction for phases 1, 2, and 3 were 49%, 58%, and 63%, respectively whereas the volatile suspended solids (VSS) destruction for phases 1, 2, and 3 were 46%, 71%, and 77% respectively. Organic Nitrogen (Org-N) destruction increased from 44% to 52% for phases 1 and 2 respectively. A further increase of 18% in Org-N destruction was observed in phase 3. This improvement in biodegradability of WAS was attributed to the high solubilisations of COD, VSS, and ON...
In this study, cellulose reinforced-TiO 2 (C-T) film was coated on acrylic plastic sheet and used for UV photocatalytic degradation of four reactive dyes viz., Reactive Black 5, Reactive Red 11, Reactive Orange 16, and Reactive Red 2 in a falling film reactor (FFR). Slurry comprising cellulose and TiO 2 in suitable weight proportions (5, 10, 15, and 25 wt% cellulose) was prepared and a C-T film was obtained by brush coating on acrylic plastic sheet. The composition yielding adherent film and efficient for the dye degradation was identified. The effect of hydraulic flow rate and solution pH on the stability of the C-T films was also investigated. The photocatalytic coating containing 15 wt% cellulose was found to be adherent and efficient for dye degradation. The photodegradation of the reactive dyes, monitored in terms of decolorization (>80%), and reduction in total organic carbon (TOC) during 5 h followed pseudo first-order kinetics. The mineralization efficiency at 5 h treatment using 15 wt% C-T coating was in the range 75.4-83.3% for all the dyes. On the basis of optical microscopy images, the stability of the C-T films obtained from 15 wt% cellulose was attributed to the interlacing of the cellulose fibers that reinforced the TiO 2 coating.
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