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In this digital era, extensive usage of the internet has resulted in images being subjected to various distortions during processing and transmitting over open networks. For watermarking applications, watermarked image quality is evaluated in comparison to the original image. In the last decade literature, many performance metrics have been used, comprising of both subjective and objective quality metrics. The subjective image quality metrics are generally time-consuming and expensive in contrast to objective image quality metrics. This paper attempted an investigation for measuring the performance of nested watermarking schemes and objective image quality metrics which included Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PNSR), Mean Square Error (MSE), Correlation Coefficient (CC), Normalized Correlation Coefficient (NCC), and Structural Similarity Index (SSIM). For the proposed nested watermarking method, these objective image quality metrics were evaluated using a combination of Discrete Wavelet Transforms (DWT) and Singular values (SVD) in the four frequency bands. Performance of objective metrics can be judged based on their sensitiveness to watermarking artifacts. It is clear from the results obtained, for most watermarking applications SSIM provides better insight into the performance of the algorithm used whereas PNSR fails for certain watermark artifacts. The findings drawn in this paper are based on the experimentation of a nested watermarking algorithm using a DICOM image database.

This study demonstrates that studying management and entrepreneurship curriculum is an important component during engineering. A presurvey was conducted to understand the preconceived knowledge about management and entrepreneurship among students. Later, after the completion of the course, a post-survey was carried out to observe the improvement in knowledge and the awareness about these concepts. A qualitative method was used in which 150 survey samples were collected and analyzed. A comparative study of pre- and postsurveys was carried out. Findings show that a course on management in the curriculum have given engineering students a lot of insights to their career growth and stimulated to think on the opportunities of becoming entrepreneurs. Keywords: management skills, entrepreneur, engineering, education, leadership, communication.

Digital data, since its invasion has become an integral part of everyday life aspects. Digital data can be transmitted in a fast and inexpensive way through data communication networks without losing quality. Digital data can be stored efficiently with a very high quality, and it can be manipulated very easily using computers. Watermarking techniques have been developed to protect the digital data from such manipulations. In watermarking, the most challenging task is the embedding capacity in an image. The strength of watermarking can be changed for the improvement of resolution of the images in order to make the image indistinguishable from the original images. The proposed method suggests an effective and easily implementable way to secure the confidential information with a high payload capacity. Also a User Interface (UI) was developed, which makes the watermarking process user friendly. The UI provides the sender with the freedom of opting cover image and watermark image in which actual data is stored. Confidential data can also be entered dynamically by the user. This is then made secure by symmetric key encryption technique and transmitted over the media. The transformation that is employed is the 3 level DWT process. The PSNR and MSE are also calculated to verify the robustness of the algorithm.