No abstract

Vesicouterine fistulae, despite being infrequent, are no longer a rare diagnosis and are most commonly secondary to lower segment caesarean section. With patient history and selected investigations diagnosis is relatively easy. The surgical repair of these fistulae is standard treatment, especially with delayed fistulae with achievement of total continence, and complete resolution of cyclic haematuria. Meticulous practice of obstetric and surgical principles during caesarean section can prevent the formation of these fistulae.

Ureteroscopic lithotripsy can be performed on day care basis under sedoanalgesia which is fairly tolerated by the patients with unremarkable complications and difficulty.

No abstract

Purpose: This study was done to ascertain gender dif ferences in trained swimmers between their Critical S wim Speed (CSS). Certain metabolic responses, imme diately after 400 meters free style swimming (FSS), w ith maximum effort, were also studied. Methods: The analysis was conducted in trained swi mmers between 12- 18 years age. Height, weight, bod y fat quantity were estimated using standard techniqu es. CSS was measured for each swimmer. Blood samp les were taken within two minutes of 400 meters FSS, with maximum efforts. The blood creatinine, lactic ac id, serum calcium, serum urea and serum urea nitroge n were estimated using standard laboratory methods. Results: With the maximal effort of 400 meters FSS, values of hematological variables for both sexes were found to increase many folds than reference values. Si gnificant (p<0.05) gender differences were observed in CSS and blood creatinine. The positive significant (p<0.05) correlation was found between CSS and heig ht in the swimmers. For trained male swimmers signif icant positive correlations among CSS, blood urea an d serum urea nitrogen were found. Conclusions: This study reflects metabolic status of b oth trained male and female swimmers, after their full efforts. Besides blood creatinine no significant differe nces were observed in them. So it may conclude that e ffective physical training minimizes the metabolic de mands during their full efforts and gender differences could be overcome.

Introduction: Breathing involves respiratory muscle activities by recruiting motor units. The obstructive and restrictive lung diseases were categorized based on spirometric measurement. Measurement of respiratory muscle function is important in the diagnosis of respiratory disease or dysfunction. Purpose: This study focuses on the involvement of motor units in diaphragm, external intercostals and latissimus dorsi muscles during voluntary contractions in young boys having obstructive and restrictive lung diseases. Materials and methods: Fifty eight young male (14-20 years) were participated and they were grouped into three (normal, restrictive and obstructive) according to their lung condition measured by Spirometry. One way ANOVA was done to understand the significant differences between the muscles of three groups. Involvement of motor unit was shown by plotting the Line diagrams. Mean and standard deviation along with one way ANOVA were calculated in case of three respiratory muscles (External intercostals, Diaphragm, and latissimus dorsi) for three groups. Results: No significant differences were found among three groups during performing Forced vital capacity (FVC), Slow vital capacity (SVC), Maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV), and Minute ventilation (MV). Line diagram shows that during FVC, SVC, and MVV responses of different muscles are higher in three different groups except during MV. Conclusion: This study states that motor unit involvement is different in the case of three different conditions. It can be concluded that restrictive and obstructive diseases might not be interpreted on the basis of only spirometric measurements in static and dynamic lung conditions. Motor unit activation and responses of major respiratory muscles were important determinants during spirometric measurements

No abstract

The pulmonary capacities of a person depend on the activities of the respiratory muscles. The Motor neurons and its units of the respiratory muscles regulate breathing and can be studied by using surface electromyography. The effect of physical training on motor unit involvement was the main concern of this study and the other is to understand the influence of physical exercise on respiratory muscles. It has focused on the associative strength in motor units during forceful and normal respiration of 15-20 years young female and nonathletes. The sEMG has the delicate and respiratory interplay or coordination of muscles recorded by placing the electrodes on the preferred anatomical places of three selected muscles in standing postures of thirty-eight trained female athletes and thirty-three nonathletes. Spirometric studies were performed simultaneously during normal and forceful respiration in each subject. One way ANOVA, Scheffe's multiple comparison tests, and Strength of association during different types of respiration were calculated. A significant difference has been observed in motor unit activity among the three muscles during maximum and normal respiration. Scheffe's multiple comparison tests showed the difference between Intercostal and Latissimus dorsi, Diaphragm, and Latissimus dorsi muscles in athletes during normal and forceful respiration. In nonathletes, significant differences were observed between Intercostal and diaphragm, Diaphragm, and Latissimus dorsi muscles only during normal respiration. But during forceful respiration, insignificant differences among the three muscles in females were observed in nonathletes. The strength of association of motor units for respiratory muscles and the duration of muscle responses are lower in athletes during normal and forceful respiration. But, motor unit activity is higher in athletes in all conditions. It means athletes produce better responses though there is a little motor unit involved. It has also been seen that the duration of EMG bursts, i.e. muscle response time is lower in athletes than nonathletes. So, this study concluded that with fewer motor units, athletes could produce more significant respiratory, muscular activity in less time and less associative strength than the non-athletes. It assumed that due to physical training, muscles improved pulmonary capacities by increasing the flexibility of respiratory muscles.