Concentration of heavy metals (Cd, Ni, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Pb, Cr, Hg and As) in the waters of River Yamuna and in the soil of agricultural fields along its course in Delhi are reported from 13 sites, spread through the Delhi stretch of Yamuna, starting from the Wazirabad barrage till the Okhla barrage. Varying concentration of heavy metals was found. Peaks were observed in samples collected downstream of Wazirabad and Okhla barrage, indicating the anthropogenic nature of the contamination. The Wazirabad section of the river receives wastewater from Najafgarh and its supplementary drains, whereas the Shahdara drain releases its pollution load upstream of the Okhla barrage. Average heavy metal concentration at different locations in the river water varied in the order of Fe>Cr>Mn>Zn>Pb>Cu>Ni>Hg>As>Cd. The river basin soil shows higher level of contamination with lesser variation than the water samples among sampling locations, thereby suggesting deposition over long periods of time through the processes of adsorption and absorption. The average heavy metal concentration at different locations in soil varied in the order of Fe>Mn>Zn>Cr>Pb>Ni>Hg>Cu>As>Cd.

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Snakebites have been declared a neglected health problem that must be considered a national disease of the WHO[world health organisation]. Asian countries like India have high snakebite death rates due to short antidotes and poorly equipped doctors. In today's scenario, local resources like herbs need to be used to prepare cheap antidotes and often available to victims. Snake bites should be viewed as an emergency problem and require additional national guidelines, doctor training, expertise, and human concentration for effective and timely treatment—measures to be taken to ensure the availability and mass production of antidotes. Currently available, antidotes have problems with storage, manufacture, and aspects of the results. Attention should be paid to the natural compound Gedunin with antitoxic effects. To determine Gedunin's therapeutic efficacy well-designed clinical research is required. This article emphasizes and proves the therapeutic effectiveness of the herbal plant active ingredient Gedunin against snakebites.

BACKGROUND: member of the Malvaceae family, Azadirachta indica (Neem) is well-known for its secondary metabolites, including limonoids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, and tetraterpenoids. These compounds have been studied for decades for their bioactivities, including antihemorrhagic and antiproteolytic, which provides information about the use of triterpenoids. METHOD: Gedunin was purified by chromatography after being extracted using the Soxhlet method to ensure that it was present in the fruit of the (neem) A. indica plant. ICM Molsoft was used to test the substance for a potential inhibitory effect on the enzymes found in all species of snake venom, including 5'-nucleotidase, acetylcholinetrace, L-aao, metalloproteinase, RESULTS: Our goal is to forecast the pharmacological characteristics of gedunin, which have demonstrated a wide range of action as a possible antidote for treating patients with snake bites. Our research also shows that gedunin has some anti-cancer action that was seen in experiments using the cell line HepG2. CONCLUSION: Gedunin has potential as a medication.