Oxidative stress parameters in relation to temperature and other factors have been analysed in Hypnea musciformis, the red seaweed from Anjuna beach, Goa, with an aim to understand its susceptibility to the changing seasons. The results indicate that elevated temperature, sunshine and dessication during peak summer in May enhanced the activity of lipid peroxide, hydrogen peroxide and antioxidants such as catalase, glutathione and ascorbic acid. Statistical tests using multivariate analysis of variance and correlation analysis showed that oxidative stress and antioxidants maintain significant relation with temperature, salinity, sunshine and pH at an individual or interactive level. The dissolved nitrates, phosphates and biological oxygen demand in ambient waters and the trace metals in seaweeds maintained sufficiently low values to provide any indication that could exert contaminant oxidative stress responses. The present field studies suggest that elevated antioxidant content in H. musciformis offer sufficient relief to sustain against harsh environmental stresses for its colonization in the rocky intertidal zone.
Present study embodies the spatial variations in zooplankton species dispersal and copepod community structure in the near mouth, away from the mouth, mid estuarine and upstream region of the Mandovi estuary. Overall 35 copepod species were identified in the 4 spatial demarcation of the estuary. Cluster analysis revealed the upstream zooplankton community were remarkably different from the near shore and mid estuarine regions. In the similar conext, upstream water represented Diaptomus sp., Acartiella sp., Heliodiaptomus cinctus and Cyclops sp. abundantly while Paracalanus parvus, Paracalanus aculeatus and Oithona similis were characterising near mouth of the estuary. The mid estuarine location revealed higher abundance of Acrocalanus longicornis and Oithona brevicornis. The SIMPER analysis confirmed the influence of environmental factors on the zooplankton community distribution at a spatial distinction, where Salinity was the maximum contributor (93-94%) in differentiating these environmental settings.
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